Compare and Contrast Death of a Naturalist, An...

Compare and Contrast Death of a Naturalist, An Advancement of Learning and The Early Purges. In this essay I am going to discuss ‘Death of a Naturalist’, ‘An Advancement of Learning’ and ‘The Early Purges’ by Seamus Heaney. I will focus on the similarities and differences between these poems in terms of what they are about, their language and themes. The first out of the three poems by Heaney that I have studied is ‘Death of a Naturalist’. This poem is about Heaney as a young child, exploring a field. He comes across frogspawn and remembers when his teacher would tell him about how the â€Å"Daddy frog was called a bull frog†, â€Å"and how the mammy frog laid hundreds of little eggs and this was frogspawn†. Heaney then writes about†¦show more content†¦This poem is about Heaney when he lived on his farm. He talks about when he was six years of age and sees kittens being drowned in a bucket by a man called Dan Taggart. He writes how they were drowned by water being pumped down there small lungs and then being thrown on a dung hill, where they were left to rot in summer heat. Heaney is shocked by this. He forgot about his fear of the animals being killed until Dan trapped â€Å"big rats, snared rabbits, shot crows or, with a sickening tug, pulled old hens’ necks. He soon changes his attitude towards the killing of the animals. Heaney sees that the killing of the animals is a natural process and makes scene. He states; â€Å"And now, when shrill pups are prodded to drown, I just shrug, ‘bloody pups’.† He sees the animals killed as pests as that is how he was brought up to think. All the poems have some relation to an animal and a fear and take place when Heaney was a child. For example of an animal and fear in ‘Death of a Naturalist’ the animal is a frog and the fear is that the frogs will attack, in ‘An Advancement of Learning’ the animal is a rat and the fear is of the rat and finally in ‘The Early Purges’ the animals are kittens and the fear is of the kittens being drowned. Some differences are war words used in ‘Death of a Naturalist’ and ‘An Advancement of Learning’ and not in ‘The Early Purges. In this paragraph I am going to discuss theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesshould arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse, and these we have captured to add to learning insights. After so many years of investigating mistakes, and more recently successes also, it might seem a challenge to keep these new editions fresh and interesting. The joy of the chase has made this an intriguing endeavor through the decades

Role Race Played In Americas Interaction With The World

Thomas Borstelmann scrutinizes the international extent of American cultural attitudes while skillfully demonstrating the remuneration of viewing domestic history in a universal framework. He brilliantly demonstrated the extensive impact of civil rights movements on domestic and international developments on the issue of race, which had a tremendous implication on U.S. foreign relations. His thorough understanding of American racial and cultural history makes him an exceptional authority on race relations of Presidents Harry S. Truman to George H. Bush. Arguably, the struggle against racial prejudices and against apartheid in South Africa, was one of immense struggle, and had a tremendous impact on U.S. foreign relations with that†¦show more content†¦The issue for the U.S. was therefore how to approach this issue, whilst at the same time trying to contain the dangers of Communism in these new independent states. Arguably, most of the earlier administrations from Truman to Nixon did hardly anything to end the racial inequities in Rhodesia and South Africa. It is thus no wonder that many African Americans were angry at the inept approach of past administration to bring about change in the former colonial countries. Indeed, one must give credit where it is due, and Borstelman suggested that Truman did assemble a Presidential Committee on Civil Rights in late 1946, but this was most a disguise to find off his lack of willpower to intervene politically. Although the committee understood the seriousness of the issue by concluding that â€Å"Our domestic civil rights shortcomings are a serious obstacle† to American leadership in the world. (59). This statement along highlights that importance of the race issue, but in the minds of all African Americans the priorities of the Cold War was much more important. For much of the Cold War, the U.S. thus took on a policy of containment, but failed to end white supremacy rule in Rhodesia and South Africa. Bu t even its former colonial leader Great Britain recognized both governments and did little to ends the racial injustice taking place. But despite lip support from President Kennedy when heShow MoreRelatedAmbassadors in Pinstripes Essays826 Words   |  4 PagesReview of Ambassadors in Pinstripes: The Spalding World Baseball Tour and the Birth of the American Empire Thomas Zeiler, the author of Ambassadors in Pinstripes: the Spalding World Baseball Tour and the Birth of the American Empire, entertains and enlightens the reader through a descriptive journey of Albert Spalding’s efforts to introduce a World Baseball Tour. The bulk of Zeiler’s book is based off of periodicals, newspapers, magazines, and guides; which serves as the groundwork for his bookRead MoreOverview of American History Since Civil War1235 Words   |  5 PagesStates. Another historical turning point is the votes for women in relation to the 19th amendment in 1917. These historical turning points played critical role in shaping the interactions, economic, social, and political developments in the United States (ODonnell, 2011). Analyze the impact of the two (2) or more major historical turning points selected on Americas current society, economy, politics, and culture. The right to vote by women in accordance with the 19th amendment had great influenceRead MoreThe Influene of World War II on the Social Norm and Art Movements of America1779 Words   |  7 PagesOnce World War II ended, it was like large weight had been lifted of the shoulders of not only the American people. In light of the heavy tole that this war, a preceding depression the nation was ready for a time of peace. The decade after this era stood in contrast, with numerous riots and turbulence due to major social changes. Because of this major contrast in two adjacent decades in history, many historians have come to conclusion that the fifties were a time of conformity, and collectednessRead MoreMovie Analysis : Harry M. Benshoff And Sean Griffin1177 Words   |  5 PagesHarry M. Benshoff and Sean Griffin provide detailed insight into the relationship between gender and film in their book America on Film: Representing Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality at the Movies. As a result of their investigation into the role of the female in the film industry, they assert, â€Å"†¦film texts reinscribing dominant [gender role] ideology usually sell more tickets than those critiquing it†¦because the industry itself is still mostly controlled by (white) men† (p. 611). In addition,Read MoreTheatre As A Cultural Expression For Societys Theatrical Tradition1390 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences within as well as between national cultures, and to ‘produce the experience of difference’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Knowles, 2010, p. 31). 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Where as the Cunningham are mostly illiterate farmers who live in poverty and on the other hand, the Finch are literateRead MoreRedefining Gender Roles Of A Streetcar Named Desire1605 Words   |  7 PagesOscar Madera Dr. Amaya-Anderson ENGL 103 8 May 2016 Dissecting Gender Roles in A Streetcar Named Desire The representation of gender roles is among the most prominent recurring subjects in theatre, literature and expressive art as we know it. Gender, and what it means to human beings, is a subject that is as difficult to precisely define as death, race, and the concept of existence. Anne Beall, Ph.D. graduate in Social Psychology at Yale University, details in her book The Psychology of Gender thatRead MoreCultural Background Of Hispanic Ethnicity1313 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies’ ethnic identity at the same time. Since they had limited economic opportunities and had to face racial discrimination they were able to use sports as a refuge from the grim realities of the society. They used the field of sports to negotiate race relations, nationalism and citizenship. Sport was an arena that they could use to learn how to behave according to societal gender norms. Even for female athletes sports arenas provided the space to achieve gender equality, something that could neverRead Mo re Sociology of Racial and Cultural Groups Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers of the society agree upon and work together to achieve what is best for society as a whole. The social structure consists of status positions, roles and institutions (family, education and religion), and members that share common values. It is a system of interrelated and independent parts, and each of these parts plays an important role in fulfilling certain functions for a smooth operation of society. 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Nurse Betty Free Essays

â€Å"Nurse Betty† is not so much a movie about a nurse, but it is a good depiction of how  nurses can sometimes be portrayed by the media. In this film a small town waitress named Betty  fixates on one doctor as portrayed in her favorite soap opera, â€Å"A Reason To Love.† After witnessing her husband’s murder while watching an episode Betty begins to  become delusional, believing that she is a nurse in the hospital where the character of Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse Betty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ravell  from the soap opera works. Betty also believes herself to be his ex-fiancà © and that she is still in  love with him. As this delusion takes hold she packs her bags and leaves the scene of the crime to  head to Los Angeles to find him. Because of her delusions Betty does not often relate well with others. She has convinced  herself that she is an actual nurse and is in love with Dr. Ravell. For this reason she fails to  understand why others cannot accept this.  The remaining nurse, doctor and hospital administration portrayals are all minor roles.  Many are little more than walk-ons and cardboard cut-out soap opera stereotypes. The ones who  are really in these positions and not characters from the soap opera are portrayed more fairly than  the soap characters.  When Betty arrives at what she believes is the hospital where Dr. Ravell works the  administration is at first depicted as sincere in response to her claims of being a nurse and  looking for Dr. Ravell, an acclaimed cardiologist who should work there. Even though he has  never been heard of before. Little is shown of how Betty handles herself as a nurse. Mainly this is due to the fact  that she is not a nurse. Even though she believes herself to be one. The other minor portrayals of  nurses in this movie are generally positive and believable.Overall this movie shows several examples of how Hollywood portrays those in the  medical profession. Both with the medical professionals as characters and with the more  stereotyped soap opera characters. LaBute, N. (Director). (2000). Nurse Betty [Film] Hollywood: Gramercy Pictures How to cite Nurse Betty, Essay examples

Modules Speeches free essay sample

Speeches are consciously designed to present particular ideas or values which seep into the audience’s consciousness and stay there’. Discuss the viewpoint in relation to the speakers’ exploration of humanitarian issues. The power of a dynamic and memorable speech lies both in the messages conveyed as well as the craftsmanship, which is consciously designed to present particular ideas and values. When the two combine to create a speech of power and resonance, as well as achieving textual integrity, the impacts are long felt within the audience’s consciousness, and are able to transcend time, echoing context and values. Former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating’s speech, ‘Funeral Service for an Unknown Australian Soldier’, Margaret Atwood’s ‘Spotty Handed Villainesses’ and Faith Bandler’s ‘Faith, Hope and Reconciliation’ each present particular ideas and values through their exploration of humanitarian issues. Consequently, these values and ideas each seep into the audience’s consciousness and develop a successful and memorable speech. Paul Keating’s transcendental eulogy addressed to the nation on the occasion of the historical 75th anniversary of Armistice Day in 1993 still echoes the notion of an Unknown Soldier today. Keating’s use of rhythmic flow and the powerful repetition of the recurring motif â€Å"we do not know† throughout the simple, yet effective speech, makes this a speech not to be forgotten. Harsh images of leather, metal and battlefield carnage are created through the repetition of ‘military’, which juxtapose universal feelings of joy and grief, with the sadness and regret that no one will ever truly know the identity of the Unknown Soldier. Through the anonymity of the Unknown Soldier, Keating identifies all soldiers and civilians lost during or because of the war. The use of objective, factual war statistics impresses upon the audience the monumental loss that this Unknown Soldier represented: â€Å"One of the 45,000 Australians who died on the Western Front†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Contrastingly, emotional and subjective lexicon is used throughout Keating’s eulogy, as the audience is unified by the employment of inclusive pronouns such as â€Å"all of us†, â€Å"our† and â€Å"we†, emphasizing the idea that the audience is a part of the nation. Battlefield carnage is depicted through the use of the rhetoric â€Å"the great war was a mad, brutal, awful struggle†, as well as incremental adjectives emphasizing the context and tone of the speech. Keating adapts a blend of both informal and formal terminology in order to sustain a broad audience and create a culturally inclusive atmosphere, which additionally increases the transcendental resonance throughout a larger audience, as made evident within the line â€Å"He is all of them. And he is one of us. † Through the inclusive statement â€Å"there is faith enough for all of us†, links are drawn between the â€Å"men and women†, as well as the understanding of the past to those of both a modern and future audience, and the unification of modern Australians to the concept of war, sacrifice and serving of one’s country in which the Unknown Soldier impresses. Through the sincerity portrayed within the ideas and values, and the use of statistics and rhetoric devices, Keating creates an everlasting, patriotic impression as well as his exploration of humanitarian issues and Australian mate ship throughout the speech ‘Funeral Service for an Unknown Australian Soldier’, which contributes to the resonance held within the audience’s consciousness. Drawing connections from ‘Funeral Service for an Unknown Australian Soldier’, Faith Bandler shares Keating’s emotional sincerity, as evident within her speech â€Å"Faith, Hope and Reconciliation†, addressed to a broad audience at the Talkin’ Up Reconciliation Convention within 1999. The speech centres upon the persisting flaws that prevent the Aboriginal people and white Australian nation from reconciling, and ultimately focuses on advancing towards the reconciliation of Aboriginal and white Australians. Aboriginal activist Faith Bandler engages her audience through a variety of techniques, such as her use of inclusive and personal pronouns, such as â€Å"I†, â€Å"we†, and â€Å"us†, made evident throughout the speech. She focuses fundamentally upon the values and ideas of â€Å"Faith, Hope and Reconciliation† throughout the speech, starting with her title, which draws allusions to both a pun played upon her name and to the biblical religious connotation of â€Å"faith, hope and charity†. Through this allusion, Bandler emphasizes the importance of reconciliation, as well as uniting the audience under a religious context. Bandler effectively creates longevity within her speech by drawing upon her own personal experiences, as shown in the line â€Å"My learning was rather hard and slow†, and calls for reconciliation through first person, as well as effectively establishing inclusivity and making her plea distinctively powerful. Through the use of emotive language such as â€Å"ugliness† and â€Å"terrible indignities†, and repetition throughout the speech, Bandler further reinforces her own personal connection to the speech, as evident within the line â€Å"a little sadness†¦terrible utterances†¦terrible tragedy† alluding to her own reconciliation experiences, which further creates resonance within her audience. Bandler reinforces the hardships faced by the Aboriginal Australians during the White settlement through the metaphor â€Å"those ramparts of the rugged past†, as well as the accumulation and the use of verbs throughout the speech. Through the use of a multitude of techniques, Faith Bandler’s effectively simple speech transcends time and civilization barriers by creating resonance within her audience through her powerful plea of reconciliation and her will to change Australia. Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Spotty Handed Villainesses† is a speech drenched in the language, ideas and values of the intelligentsia. Addressed in 1994, the speech is rich with high order language, and comprises a multitude of literary allusions as well as philosophical and feminist concepts, in order to appeal to her audience of academic women. Atwood’s speech focuses fundamentally on the core thematic concern based on the principle that writers and readers must not be constrained by the limitations imposed by the ideology of women in narrative form as mothers and nurturers. Emphasizing this, Atwood strays from the ideal female figure within literature and alludes to the murderesses displayed, particularly the complex Lady Macbeth, to whom the title refers. The opening of the speech skillfully engages the audience through Atwood’s humorous use of children’s nursery rhyme, which supports the ideas and purposes presented within the speech, as well as disarming and amusing the audience. Not all women are good. Atwood further creates satirical intrigue through a reference to her title, alluding to the idea that the speech may â€Å"refer to age spots†, or â€Å"that once-forbidden but now red-hot topic, The Menopause†. Spotty Handed Villainesses† ultimately maintains relevance throughout time through allusions to both high and lowbrow literature. Throughout the speech, Atwood challenges authors and readers to not be limited by the ideological approach of female characters. She describes restricting ideologies as ‘intolerable’ and ‘restricted’, her speech at this point both intellectual and colloquial, carefully constructing a resonance within the audience’s consciousness. Through the craftsmanship and design of a speech, as well as the exploration of humanitarian issues, particular ideas and values are presented which seep into the audience’s consciousness and stay there, as displayed through the study of Paul Keating’s speech â€Å"Funeral Service for an Unknown Australian Soldier†, Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Spotty Handed Villainesses† and Faith Bandler’s â€Å"Faith, Hope and Reconciliation†.

Sports Memorabilia A True Hobby Essays - Ephemera, Collecting

Sports Memorabilia a True Hobby As he stepped up to the plate, he dug his right back foot into the dirt getting a firm stance. Little did he know that the ball given to the umpire before the game which cost just nine dollars and now coming at him was going to be worth a little over 2.7 million dollars in seconds. Mark McGwire is truly a reason why a person can make money, gain notoriety and have fun while collecting memorabilia. Making money through regular jobs is one thing, making money by collecting sports memorabilia is entirely another. If one wants to make money collecting sports memorabilia, one has to be patient because collecting memorabilia is not a get-rich-quick scheme. Two main reasons why the value of sports memorabilia increases are the passage of time and the achievements of the athletes. One way to get these items before they increase in value is to attend free autograph signing sessions. Another way for one to make money is to write to an athlete and get something signed for free, then turn around and sell it. One example of this is Vince DeAngello who started this process when only a kid and now owns a very successful sports memorabilia shop. I have personally received memorabilia through letters to athletes; I have seen their value rise, then I have sold them to a sports memorabilia shop for a profit. One of the easiest ways to make money by collecting memorabilia is to follow rookies and get as much signed by them as you can. This is very convenient because rookies do not usually charge for their signatures. Also, as a first year player, rookies are more eager to sign autographs so they can make a favorable first impression. Not only can one make money by collecting sports memorabilia but one can also be seen as a hero in the eyes of the public. By collecting memorabilia, one can gain public recognition also. For example, the person who bought Mark McGwire's seventieth homerun ball for $2.7 million certainly gained public recognition. Anyone who donates a piece of his or her collection of memorabilia to a sports hall of fame such as the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, will receive a great deal of public acclaim. Such recognition was given to the Rotary club who last year donated George Brett's pine tar bat to the Rockhurst Spectacular. The retired Royals reliever Jeff Montgomery is also known as a great benefactor to many charitable organizations. Considered a hero to many young children, Cal Ripken Jr. is known for his willingness to sign as many autographs as are requested both before and after games. Some people gain public notoriety by having memorabilia within their homes or business . I have gained a personal reputation for the amount of memorabilia I have in my house. Former baseball star Danny Jackson, owner of the Incredibowl draws people to his business not only to bowl, but also to gaze at his vast collection of sports memorabilia. With all of this money and fame, we often forget how fun, collecting memorabilia can be. The fun of collecting sports memorabilia can take many ways, shapes and forms. It is fun to meet star athletes and get autographs to add to your collection. One can also enjoy trading and collecting with people of similar interests. Not only does this fun come by trading, but also by watching your investment rise. My friend Brad Long was fortunate enough six years ago to invest $500 in a signed Mark McGwire jersey, which now is worth several thousands. I have also been privileged to watch my Joe Montana football go up in value. Sports memorabilia has brought many great hours of pleasure to my life, and others. I have had fun decorating rooms of my house with sports history. My neighbor and friend Jamie Quirk has also inspired me by showing me his rooms of fun with endless memorabilia. In conclusion, by collecting sports memorabilia a person can make money, gain notoriety and have fun. One of the nice things about collecting sports memorabilia is the possibility that a hero can emerge at any time, seeming from

European Exploration And Settlement Essays - Age Of Discovery

European Exploration And Settlement Essays - Age Of Discovery European Exploration and Settlement I. Europeans Look to New Worlds For Many Reasons. A. Renaissance- revival of classical art, literature, and learning. 1. Took place in Europe in 15th and 16th centuries. 2. Sparked imaginations and made people eager to explore. B. Protestant Reformation 1. Challenged Catholics who in turn persecuted Protestants. 2. Protestants longed for a place where they could worship as they wanted. C. European Nations Begin to Form Stable Governments and Resolve Power Struggles. D. Trying to Find a Quicker Route to Asia and Start Up a Rich Trade. E. New Developments in Travel. 1. Caravel- more maneuverable and quicker ship, moved with and against wind. 2. Navigation- charting of a course at sea. 3. Instruments- Astrolabe, the quadrant, and the cross- staff. II. Spain Leads The Way A. Spain was the leading nation in the Age of Discovery due to its search for wealth. 1. Wanted to find a quicker route to Asia. 2. Tired os paying the middlemen large profits. 3. Desired gold, silk, jewels, and spices. B. Columbus Stumbles On a New World 1. Christopher Columbus set out to prove world was round. 2. Queen Isabella agreed to arrange an expedition for Columbus. 3. His ships were the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria which set sail August 3, 1492. 4. When they finally reached land they thought they landed on India and natives were called Indians. 5. In reality, they landed in the Bahamas on an Island Columbus named San Salvador- October 12, 1492. C. Seekers of Gold and Glory 1. Amerigo Vespucci- found land that was not Asia but a great continent. A few years later a map-maker named the new continent "America" in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. 2. Balboa- Spanish explorer crossed Isthmus of Panama in 1513- first European to see Pacific Ocean. 3. Explorers more interested in acquiring gold and power than in finding new land. 4. Conquistadors- these were the conquerors who overcame whole civilizations of native people. 5. Most famous was Cort?s who, in 1519, took over the Aztec empire and its ruler Montezuma in Mexico. 6. Pizarro who, in 1535, destroyed the Inca empire in the heart of Peru. 7. Coronado 1540-1542 discovered the Grand Canyon on an expedition to the southwest. 8. De Soto explored southern U.S.- first European to reach the Mississippi River. 9. Most conquistadors were ruthless. a. Treated natives cruelly by enslaving and killing them. b. Gold, silver, and sugar made Spanish wealthy and opened up vast area. III. England, France, and the Netherlands Stake Claims A. Spain's power made the rest of Europe nervous especially Protestant England since Spain was Catholic. B. The Search for the Northwest Passage. 1. Europeans wanted quick trade route to Asia. 2. Hoped to find Northwest Passage- northern water way connecting Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 3. Found Northwest Passage in 1906 in the frozen waters of Canada. C. A Series of Discoveries 1. John Cabot 1497 sailed to New Found-land and Nova Scotia, found lots of fish but England was too busy with other affairs to take notice. 2. Verazano 1524 explored eastern coastline of North America from North Carolina to New Found-land. 3. Cartier 1535 explored Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River and marked France's dominance on Canada. 4. Henry Hudson found Hudson River and planted seeds of New Nether land ( New York.) 5. Explorers blaze paths, settlers move in.

International Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Security - Essay Example Protection is also provided by PMCs nationally and internationally. They also give their services to supplement those services given by armed forces. They provide these services in places where there are no security details that are personal are involved. This means that the state actor is not involved in this case. 1 The PMCs work in conjunction with states. This is in line with providing training in military matters and national defence issues. They tend to be located where the conflict intensity is quite low. In these places it is usually risky to deploy armed forces to them. This is in terms of economics, diplomatic and politics. At Guantamano Bay, they help in setting up camps for detention. The Afghani president has benefited by getting bodyguards supplied to him from the PMCs. Colombia has in the past been given helicopter gunships which assisted in destroying coca crops. George H. W. Bush really influenced the privatization of these enterprises. The PMCs can be grouped generally to mean contractors of defence. Tactical skills and specialised operations are provided by PMCs to their personnel. Combat experience is also included in this. This is unlike what the other contactors of defence do. The PMCs provide their services to state forces, business corporations and non-governmental organizations that are internationally based. The difference between PMCs and defence contractors is not recognized by (GCIII) The Geneva Convention. They term them as supply contractors. They are termed as war prisoners when issued with identity card that is valid. They are termed as mercenary when they engage in combat. Demand of private military companies There is a likely hood that there will be an increase in the demand for the private military companies. Governments usually employ the private military companies to help solve conflicts. This has been done by Angola. These companies are contracted to give logistical help. Most of the states that contract the private military companies cannot afford to sustain big militaries. For example private military companies were employed to do recruitment in Balkans. International organisations also highly demand the services of private military companies. The PMCs are also contracted or employed by the UN to provide security. Once a private military company is reputable and strong, it normally has very high demand. The UN usually compares the costs incurred in having armed forces and that of employing the PMCs. It is usually very cheaper to employ the PMCs than to have the armed forces in the nation. It is estimated that there are many private military companies that operating in Africa. This is even up to 100 private military companies in operation. The African countries that have benefited from this include Indonesia and Colombia. The PMCs are mostly contracted by countries that are in very remote areas. Such places are usually very dangerous. The PMCs are mostly from the UK and the United States. Recruitment Many private military corporations are recently attracting people and the entire personnel from Special Forces. This is because the private military companies pay the employees well compared to the salaries paid by Special Forces.2 UK private military companies There are many private military companies in the United Kingdom. They include Adson Holdings, registered in Guernsey. Aegis Defence Services, AKE Group and

Color, Language, And Perceptual Categorization Lab Report

Color, Language, And Perceptual Categorization - Lab Report Example EXPERIMENTS IN CATEGORICAL PERCEPTION AND LANGUAGE The languages of South Africa have provided researcherer with the opportunity to study categorical perception across cultures. It was discovered that the South African language uses one color term for a color region while the English language needs two terms to describe the same color region. Some languages use a single term for green and blue, orange and yellow, etc. There was no boundary between the two colors in terms of their perception. The question that arose out of these studies was, do the people that speak these different languages have different perceptual boundaries as well? In answer to this question, researchers showed participants one color and then a stimuli of different colors. The participants were to identify stimuli that were the same as the target. By manipulating the target and the distracters from the same or different categories, CP effects could be studied. Using this mechanism, it was discovered that in compa rison to English speakers, African speakers were able to identify a particular hue in one word but the English speakers needed two words to describe the same hue. English speakers were faster when the distracters are green and the target was blue and vice versa for African speakers. However, when the distracters and the target were both blue and both green, English speakers were slower than African speakers. In a task in which participants were shown three colors and asked to â€Å"pick the odd one out,† English speakers picked a color different than the other two categories. African speakers did not show a bias because all three colors were in the same color category. Similar studies have recently compared the effects of language on color by comparing speakers of English and Berinmo.... In this experiment, participants were trained to categorize colors across new color boundaries and separate two types of hue referred to by the same English term. The participants’ discrimination skills were then tested along with their ability to discriminate between colors on different sides of a learned category. It was concluded that through training, CP effects were achieved. Another experiment was performed testing color discrimination. The participants were shown colors separately with a 5-s interval in between. This task involved memory and perception. When people use memory, they use verbal labels which lead to CP. The results of this experiment suggest that improved color discrimination could have been due to simple learning tricks rather than real learned behavior. In still another experiment, participants were tested in a discrimination exercise that required no memory because the two colors were shown at the same time. Color discrimination improved only across the new color category boundary. Currently, an investigation is being held to determine if color category learning can result in detection of color differences. Results have shown that this occurs mainly for hues within the learned boundary. People pay more attention to color boundary regions when they learn a new color category and improvement only occurs in those color regions. As a result of these studies and experiments, one could conclude that there is a "possibility" that language affects color perception.

Customer Journey Mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer Journey Mapping - Essay Example The various elements that are included in the journey of a customer involves awareness, finding answers of any possible queries that the customer might have, then comes the price and when a customer is satisfied with all of the above then he performs the purchase. Most of us would think that, that is when the process ends but there is more to it which is known as the post sales journey which includes the post-sales support, lodging of any complaint that the customer found in the product or service. The assessment of this complaint is the next step in the process upon which the organization then upgrades or amends its services based on the post sales review.There are numerous benefits for the assessment of customer journey mapping however, the three main essential advantages include the fact that it gives an overview of the experience which was given to all the customers, it gives an idea about the basic needs and requirements that the organization requires and it also showcases the v arious aspects of importance and the aspects that should not be given importance.For the purpose of this assignment, I will be studying two very popular e-commerce websites i.e., eBay and amazon and will assess the process of customer journeys for each of these organization and how this affects the ways in which the customer approaches the organization. EBay has long been a very popular place for the buying and selling of goods and with over one million customers, it is a place which serves as the global market.

Factors that affect the price elasticity of supply

Factors that affect the price elasticity of supply Price elasticity of supply is a useful concept when we consider supply. It is also use to measure the responsiveness supply to a change in price when we are supplying a good. Below is the formula that use to calculate the price elasticity of supply. Price elasticity of supply (PES) = % change in quantity supplied % change in price There are a few factors that affect the price elasticity of supply. The first factor that affects the determinants of price elasticity of supply is the number of producers. If there are a lot of producers, the easier for the industry to increase the output and cause the price increase. For example, according to the law of supply, the price of a good increase, the quantity supplied of the good increase. Thats why when there are a lot of producers, more goods will be produced and caused the price increase. Besides that, another factor that affects the price elasticity of supply is the time factor. Long run is usually more elastic for supply compare with short run. For example, in the long run period the industry can invest more equipment and build more factories. In addition, they can even enter a new market and start a bigger business. However, in the short run, industry cant extend their factory to produce more goods. Besides that, the prices of the goods are not responsive to the price. Therefore, supply is more elastic in the long run. Part B Businesses always use the concept price elasticity to decide on their pricing strategy. The strategy that used by the businesses to decide their price is price elasticity of demand (PED). Price elasticity of demand can be define as the measurement of the rate of response of quantity demanded due to a price change. There is a formula that uses to calculate the price elasticity of demand. The formula is shown in the figure below. The percentage change in price The percentage change in quantity demanded PED = There are many degrees that show in price elasticity of demand. Price elasticity of demand will normally be a negative relationship between quantity demanded. To determine the degree of PED, ignore the negative sign. The first degree that shows in PED is inelastic demand. This is a degree that show the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price. For example, 20% decrease in price cause a 10% increase in quantity demanded. The value is less than 1 but greater than 0 (0

Authorship debate Essay -- essays research papers

William Shakespeare’s works being just that is a notion most accept; however, there has been a lot of evidence and arguments by historians, who opt to challenge this notion, arguing that Shakespeare was the pen name of Edward de Vere, the Earl of Oxford had to conceal his authorship for social and political reasons. After careful examination of historian’s evidence this theory doesn’t measure up and it was indeed Shakespeare, who was the genuine author. The world has come to accept that William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, during the year of 1564. The register of Holy trinity, the parish church in Stratford, records his baptism on April 26. According to the custom at the time, infants were baptized about three days after their birth. William’s father was a glover, trader, and landowner who married Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowner of Wilmcote. Therefore, the generally accepted date for Shakespeare’s birth is April 23 (World Book 344). John Shakespeare, William’s father rose [by election] to the position of Alderman in 1565; and in 1568 he was elected Bailiff, the equivalent to mayor (Reedy & Kathman). It’s believed that because William’s father was a town official, the young William was entitled to a free education at the Kings school. It has been accepted [for the most part] that William Shakespeare attended the Stratford grammar school. The Stratford gramm ar school prepared students for the university; however there is no evidence that William ever attended a university. The reason being is when William Shakespeare was thirteen his father suffered business losses. William was pulled from school and apprenticed to a trade, not an uncommon occurrence during the Elizabethan Age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare married Ann Hathaway in November 1582 at the age of eighteen. Anne was twenty-six. It would only be six months later that their daughter, Susanna was born. William also had a set of twins in February 1585. Between the years of 1585-1590, Shakespeare disappeared. We considered these years as his lost years mainly because there has yet to be found any documentation or know whereabouts of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s accepted that Shakespeare was in London by 1590 working as an actor and playwright. Approximately for twenty-three years he was a workin... ... died too early to have been the real Shakespeare (Michell 171). Oxford did not leave a will. If he were to have left a will, Oxfordians and Anti-Strafordians would have no doubt have more weight to their theory, that’s if his will contained Shakespeare plays and sonnets. The 17th Earl of Oxford was a recognized poet in his day, and the Oxfordians make the most of this in their attempts to prove that he wrote the works of Shakespeare. There is evidence presented about his reputation in actual context of the times and shows that while Oxford work had some admirers, but don’t all authors have some admirers, nobody seems to have considered him a great poet or playwright. Belief in the Oxfordian story that Shakespeare's works were written not by Shakespeare but by the seventeenth Earl of Oxford requires not merely suspending the rules of evidence that would normally be used to establish the authorship of a body of work, but also accepting a set of Oxfordian myths -- tales that are presented as fact but that research shows are simply not true. Some of these myths have been repeated and handed down from Oxfordian to Oxfordian for decades, without any attempt being made to verify them

Calls for Change in High School Mathematics Essay

Mathematic educators, parents and students are calling for proper changes in approaches to learning mathematics in high schools. The need to improve learning of mathematics in schools is highly recognized and underlined. Thus, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics that offered recommendations for high school mathematics reform. In addition, the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences in their official report ‘The Mathematical Sciences Curriculum K–12: What Is Still Fundamental and What Is Not’ stresses the importance of new topics and techniques in the secondary schools. New approaches should develop new learning techniques that would be discrete from statistics, mathematics, and emphasis on algebra and geometry should be properly re-assessed according to different abilities and needs of students who are taking mathematics course in the secondary school and high school respectively. The need for change and innovation is generally driven by emergence of advanced computing technologies that offers excellent opportunities for school educators to replace manipulative traditional techniques with more complex realistic problem-solving techniques. In its turn, the National Science Board Commission issued a report ‘Educating Americans for the 21st Century’ challenging courses in algebra and pre-calculus and stressing the importance of developing integrated mathematical sciences curriculum in the secondary school. Researchers argue that new curriculum will positively affect students’ achievement outcomes in the secondary and high schools. To make changes more effective teachers are required to understand the advantage of curriculum’s full scope and its consequences; students are required to support the expectations of classroom environment. The Core-Plus Mathematic Project is newly developed curriculum for high school mathematics. Of course, the Core-Plus Mathematic Project or CPMP curriculum is a matter of debates and controversies as not everyone admits the need of high school mathematics reforms. Nonetheless, the CPMP curriculum is worked out with assistance of mathematics education researchers, instructional specialists and classroom teachers. Moreover, the curriculum is shaped by empirical evidence gathered from students and teachers who are willing to participate in field testing. In particular, organization of mathematics curriculum should be interpreted in terms of teaching and assessment recommendations and should follow the standards set in the above-mentioned reports. New mathematics curriculum is a three-year mathematics course for high-school students who are allowed to take the fourth year to prepare for college mathematics. Newly designed curriculum differs from more traditional approaches as new curriculum encourages students’ understanding of mathematics – statistics, probability, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and discrete mathematics. Learning mathematics is developed in focused units that combine fundamental ideas with mathematical habits of mind. It means that new curriculum stresses the need to connect function, data analysis and symmetry with recursive and visual thinking. In contrast to traditional approaches to mathematics, new curriculum emphasizes the role of mathematical modeling and problem-solving instead of simple calculus. Researchers say the primary goal of curriculum improvement is to enhance students’ understanding and comprehension of key mathematical processes and concepts, to enhance student’s ability to use mathematical concepts in real-world problem-solving. Graphic calculators should enhance students’ understanding and abilities to solve authentic problems. Improved instructional materials encourage active teaching and learning processes that will primarily focus on problem situations, abstraction and analysis. Oral and written communication, reasoning with ability to represent, and conceptual understanding are highly appreciated and encouraged. All courses centre on mathematical reasoning and thinking with abilities to develop formal proof. Additional fourth year course will allow to keep students, who prepare for college mathematics, despite whether their undergraduate program is based on calculus. Students interested in mathematics are encouraged to be accelerated into the fourth course year. Today, many researches are focus on identifying whether new curriculum meets its specific goals. In particular, they try to reveal whether the learning outcomes based on new patterns of mathematics learning process differ from outcomes based on more traditional curriculum. During the past eight years researchers conducted various studies to examine mathematical achievement in classroom with CPMP curricula. Research studies have revealed that performance of CPMP students is much better than that of students with traditional interpretation of mathematical representation. It means that problem-solving and recursive thinking appear to be more effective in learning mathematics than simple understanding of key concepts of processes. Further, CPMP students are characterized by higher grade results at the end of the years than students with traditional approach to mathematics. Summing up, recent researches have indicated that CPMP students perform better than students with traditional curriculum. CPMP students are characterized by better abilities to interpret mathematical representation and calculation, to measure conceptual understanding and to recognize the importance of problem-solving. CPMP students are better in probability and statistics, algebraic manipulative skills, etc. Nonetheless, researchers argue that student’s success in college mathematics doesn’t fully depend on CPMP curriculum. Other factors, as, for example, student’s attentiveness, readiness to participate in learning process, self-awareness, classroom environment, play their important role in student’s high school mathematics performance. With guidance from educators, researchers and teachers, curriculum developers will be able to build on stronger patters of student outcomes. References Schoen, H. L. , & Hirsch, Ch. R. (2003). Responding to Calls for Change in High School Mathematics: Implications for Collegiate Mathematics. The Mathematical Association of America Monthly, February, pp. 109-123. Available on-line from http://www. jstor. org/stable/3647770 .

Leo Soul Mates Scorpions Essays

Leo Soul Mates Scorpions Essays Leo Soul Mates Scorpions Essay Leo Soul Mates Scorpions Essay The beauty of a Scorpio woman is exceptional, mysterious and totally magnetic. She knows that and is proud of herself. She will control her wish to dominate and will let a man lead in a relationship, atleast during courtship. She knows how to hypnotize a man and gets successful, more often than not. Dont expect a Scorpio female to rush into your arms in front of a thousand people and shout her feelings at the top of her voice. Instead, she will come close to you, glance at you in a sensual way and whisper the most romantic words in a seductive tone. If you are not sincere with your feelings, dont even try to get close to a Scorpio girl. With those beautiful, penetrating eyes of hers, she can read exactly what is on your mind. She can easily make out your real intentions, so Dont Flirt. It will amount to insulting her and I assure you, insulting her is not at all good for your health. Even when her tone is soothing, her disposition kind and her smile generous, she can be planning the most powerful retaliation. When a Scorpio woman is insulted or gets hurt, her fury knows no bounds. Then, she can become the most hard-hearted and most sarcastic person on this earth. If she loves with fierce devotion, she hates with devastating malice. If you are really in love with her, then you need to know more about her. She has a very hypnotic gaze and the moment her eyes meet your, you will go tumbling down in her deep passion. Being noticed by a Scorpio female definitely gives a boost to a mans ego. She needs a man who is stronger than she is and weakness in him wont get her sympathy at all. He will be expected to behave like a real man, who can dominate her and make her proud. At the same time, he should respect her individuality. He should be better looking than average, with an intellect, philosophical and totally masculine. He must also be ambitious and able to handle tough situation with poise. After she gets committed, a Scorpio female will shower you with all her love and attention. Her whole life will start revolving around you and she will be extremely loyal and exceedingly passionate. She is passionate with everything that is related to her. It is almost impossible for her to have neutral feelings. Either she will deeply cherish or fiercely hate. If any of the feelings are not experienced, she will become completely indifferent towards it. Scorpio women, however, never let these feelings show. Her expression will always remain neutral, betraying nothing. Her anger is very bad and its better to get out of her way when it gets out of hand. Her characteristics profile will make her storehouse of secrets, but people wouldnt know any of hers. Her personal life will be out of bounds for everyone. At the same time, she will never tell the secrets that have been confided in her, not even to you. Even with you, she will have a private part and its better not to pry. That does not mean she is dishonest. Infact, she will be so brutally honest that, at times, she may hurt people in the process. Like a typical Scorpio, she will choose her friends very carefully and the credible ones will remain with her throughout her life. She will never maintain a relationship with unworthy people. Determination and will power are her basic personality traits. She can use them anytime to come out of anything that is negative. If you have been able to win the true love of a Scorpio female, you can be sure you will never feel lonely again. She will be totally devoted to you and even if you two dont get married for any reasons beyond your control, her love for you will not change. She is one of those who believe in the phrase Till Death Do Us Apart. Rather than overshadowing her husband, she believes in supporting him. Behind every successful man, there is a woman; this idiom is perfect in case of the husband who has a Scorpio wife. For her, the future, the happiness and the dreams of her husband hold the supreme importance. She will always defend him fiercely in public and wont take nicely to anyone taking advantage of him. She will always encourage him to reach for the stars, build his courage and never let him turn back from midway. Scorpio women love their homes and keep them spic and span. Now comes the dangerous part. A Scorpio girl is extremely jealous and fiercely possessive of her loved ones. She is prone to suspicions; so dont give reasons to be doubtful of you. On the other hand, you will have to control your jealousy, since she will be attracting a lot of members of the opposite sex. She also dislikes being possessed by anyone, including you. In such a scenario, just remember that a Scorpio woman will always be loyal and devoted to you, even in the worst of circumstances. And then, you know you cannot leave her and it is better to adjust to such a trifle thing. Nobody walks away from a Scorpio, right? As far as money is concerned, she will enjoy it whether she saves it in a piggy bank or splurges it on luxurious things. She is very conscious of her social standards and will never compromise in case of status. She likes power and will sacrifice money and many other things for it. She seems to be very practical, but inside she is very emotional. Like all Scorpios, she will not see any viewpoint in case of her own emotions. A Scorpio female has a sense of fairness and justice. If you dont wish her good morning one day after a fight, she will do the same for the next four days. The same goes for generosity also. If you do one kind deed for her, she will do four in return. As a mother, she will extremely possessive of her children and will care for them. However, she may not express her love openly and this is something you will have to teach her. She will make them independent, fair, strong and proud of themselves, the way she is of them. She will encourage them to develop their innate talents and make sure they dont go unnoticed. A Scorpio woman can drown you in her passion. But then, she can also bring you to safety when the raft becomes too dicey. She can provide you her calm and steady support in the worst of circumstances. Once you win her love, you will never be lonely again. Your food will be perfectly baked and she will grind fresh coffee for you. You will always come back to a spotless home, radiating with the aura of her magnetic personality, the charm of her deep beauty and the warmth of her everlasting love!

Bryans major role in the 1896 presidential election essays

Bryan's major role in the 1896 presidential election essays William Jennings Bryan was a radical, highly recognized and often criticized candidate representing the democratic and people's party in the election of 1896. His major role during the 1896 election was that of representative of the common people. Bryan argued for the benefit of all men as equals, whether farmers, laborers, urban or rural professionals, black or white, his interests lie in the common good of all. Bryan advocated for a government that would truly serve the people, and not just specific "causes" or premises. His strongest platform was support of a monetary move from a gold standard to a dual monetary system where gold and silver backed the American dollar. His ideas were supported by many, but his methods were considered non-mainstream and he was often criticized for his unconventional methods. Bryan was unpopular on many levels because he took a very loud and active stand on many issues that were controversial and somewhat unpopular. Some of his issues included support for amendments that would establish prohibition and women's suffrage (CHI, 2003). He also encouraged the establishment of a Department of Labor, and was working on reforming currency issues (CHI, 2003). The currency issue became the biggest source of unrest during his political campaign. Many referred to him as a commoner because he tirelessly strove to protect the interests of farmers and laborers. He sought to support agriculture which was facing decline in the face of industrialism and increased manufacturing influence (CHI, 2003). He is most well known for his cross of gold speech, which represents his tireless support for a bi-monetary currency standard that supported gold and silver. Bryan was at best a controversial, but well known and supported figure during the 1896 election. He was beat by his republican opponent at the time, McKinley, however Bryan continued to advocate for his i...

A Particular Place of Residence of a Person Research Paper

A Particular Place of Residence of a Person - Research Paper Example The process of area classification is done through the clustering or grouping of geographical units by the use of particular methods. Cluster analysis borrows largely from clustering algorithms but is instead much more than the mere grouping of the objects. Therefore, to successfully run a cluster analysis will require a series of particular steps, which involve multiple decisions across all the stages. At this point, there is no wrong or right answer to most of the decisions that are made in the process. Every decision in the stages will, therefore, give its own alternative results. As a result, the different decisions gathered could be appropriate or not appropriate depending on the classification that is to be created. There are seven steps involved a successful running of the cluster analysis. Each step in the framework represents a very important decision point that is imperative for the smooth running of the cluster analysis (Harris and Webber, 2005). It is suggested that the u ser of the method should be in a position to correctly recognize all the important and critical decisions involved and their individual influences on the results (Everett and Leese, 2001). At this point, it becomes important to clearly distinguish between the conventional cluster analysis and the clustering method. Clustering method connotes the simple process by which the clusters are actually formed (Everett and Leese, 2001). On the other hand, cluster analysis is much elaborate and implies the wider series of steps that have to be followed in order to finish the whole analysis.

Level of Unemployment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Level of Unemployment in UK - Essay Example This change will lead to a change in standards for living while supporting different needs for individuals. The basic definition of unemployment is when an individual doesn’t have a job and is nonworking. This definition leads the individual into a specific status that defines them as unemployed because they don’t hold a regular job and have inactivity in terms of finding a job. However, there are different measurements that are used for the unemployed because of the level of activity that is defined as well as the conditions in which different individuals are under. When looking at the overall idea of unemployment, it is defined by including anyone who is not performing a series of activities in the labor field or through a job. However, there are different levels that are included in this, specifically which is measured by the frequency in which one is unemployed as well as the basic structure that they rely on to receive monetary needs over a period of time (Brandolini, et al, 153, 2006). The structure of unemployment through the basic definition is defined by measurements that determine the frequency in which an individual is out of a job. This is defined first by an unemployment cell, which is divided by the amount of time one is out of a job as well as the frequency in which this occurs. This is also measured through the region in which one is in, specifically because it provides a comparison in the economic levels and demands for employment. The first measurement is known as seasonal unemployment, in which demands change based on labor intensive markets for each time frame. Most levels of employment that are offered seasonally include outdoor jobs and labor intensive options. The second type of unemployment is frictional, also referred to as demand – deficient unemployment. When the economy begins to emerge, temporary employment becomes available. This

Do the requirements of IFRS 8 Operating Segments enhance the quality Essay

Do the requirements of IFRS 8 Operating Segments enhance the quality of information available to financial statement users - Essay Example The other purpose of such statements is to assist the stakeholders in decision making, regarding how to invest in the future, as these statements are a presumed to be a true reflection of the market value of the business organization as a whole. Financial statement users (stakeholders) have different interests and concerns regarding the financial statements of an organization. At this juncture, though, it is worth mentioning that financial statements are made up of statements of financial position, statements of comprehensive income, directors’ statements and statements of cash flows (Melta & Ankarath, 2010, pp. 200-413). The information provided in these statements work to serve different stakeholders in different ways. For example, the government is majorly interested in finding out the gross profit of an organization from a trading period, for the purposes of taxation. Shareholders on the other hand are interested due to what they expect from the organization in form of dividends. The other important financial statement users are potential investors, who are interested in knowing the true (market) value of any given business organization before deciding to invest their money in the same. These financial statements , for most of the organization especially public entities, are made public so as to enable the general public in addition to the stakeholders to have a look at the same. As much as this information is usually provided by the management, there has been a general feeling among stakeholders and business experts alike, that the information provided is always not sufficient to assist in decision making. According to many, the information provided is normally shallow, and contain approximations and assumptions that the financial statement users are not aware of. This usually leads to poor decision making that is influenced by an error of judgment, if not

Improving Study Habits Essay Example for Free

Improving Study Habits Essay â€Å"The greatest time saver is being organized. Establish routines that go like clockwork.† Maximizing time makes an individual productive. Personal time management is organizing and managing according to personal priorities, to get where one wants to go. Those who use this technique are the highest achievers in all walks of life. The interesting and essential step in beginning to manage time more effectively is to identify how time is being spent, because only through examining, one can begin to set priorities, eliminate time barriers and aids to better time management. In the course of Bachelor of Science in Psychology, students need to learn many skills that are needed in practicing the actual profession. Psychology students have so many academic requirements to prioritize, but they also have extra-curricular that are important as well, and they always need to cope with time pressure. College is an entirely different situation than high school. Classes consist of far fewer grades, but they are worth it when you are done. Do not tell yourself, Ill read the assignment later, because often times you merely end up cramming right before the test; research indicates that cramming is not the best (nor is it the worst) method of studying. At first, different factors can affect the academic performance of a students in order to achieve success, going through the steps are necessary. It should provide time for students to review activities and prevent too many errors that results to unaccomplished tasks or tasks that are accomplished, but after several attempts to do so. It reduces avoidance and welcomes other opportunities that could help in preparing for other tasks. This study will contribute to the perception of the future psychology students in prioritizing the academic activities and requirements in terms of importance and urgency. The researchers conducted a survey regarding the said topic at Centro Escolar University among the second year psychology students. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the study habits and the effects to academic performance on psychology students’ particularly in the second year level. Habits (or wonts) are routines of behavior that are repeated regularly and tend to occur subconsciously or A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience. As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context. Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionally, and uncontrollability. And a bad habit is an undesirable behavior pattern. Anyone interested in getting better results, becoming more productive and ultimately more successful should probably take an honest look at the problem of procrastination. Most people think procrastination is just an issue that involves putting things off that can be done later without much of a penalty. But if procrastination will become your habit especially in your study what would be the effect of it in your academic performances? Statement of the problem. 1. What are the bad habits/behavior/attitude toward the respondent’s subjects? Ans. Gagawin pa yang sentence. Lack of interest in the subject area, Unable to set priorities (extra curricular activities, entertainment, etc.), Lack of prerequisites for success in the current subject area, Unstable home life ability to concentrate, lack of interest or motivation to succeed, procrastinating, habitual lateness, overextension, Inability to Prioritize, Negative Mindset and Fear of Failure 2. Does the negative attitudes and habits of psychology students affect their academic performances? 3. The reasons why they act/behave that way. Gagamitan naten to ng theories ha :†) at d pa to tapos. Lack of Focus, Family problems, social lives (including texting, IMing, etc.), outside distractions (phone, music, TV),

The Increasing Application Of Scientific Management Principles Of Work

The Increasing Application of Scientific Management Principles Of Work Organisations To Services Is, Despite Its Limitations, Inevitable and Irreversible. I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction From the outset of this essay it is necessary to define the basic principles of Scientific Management in order for the statement to be fully understood and why if at all such a practice is ‘inevitable' and indeed ‘irreversible' within a service industry context. The underlying belief that scientific management, or rationalisation= , is able to provide the basis for separating management from the execution of work. ‘The rationalisation of work has the effect of transferring functions of planning, allocation and co-ordination to managers, whilst reinforcing the managerial monopoly of decision-making, motivation and control'. Hales (1994). Taylor (1856-1915) has been referred to as the father of Scientific Management. He believed that management, not labour, was the cause of and potential solution to problems in the industry. Taylor concluded that workers systematically ‘ soldiered' because they believed that faster work would put them out of a job and because hourly or daily wages destroyed individual incentive. Taylor believed that in order to discourage, and indeed halt, this ‘soldiering' a ‘ mental revolution' was required. He believed this could be achieved via four vital principles: (1) the development of the best work method, via systematic observation, measurement and analysis; (2) the scientific selection and development of workers; (3) the relating and bringing together of the best work method and the developed and trained worker; (4) the co-operation of managers and non-managers which includes the division of work and the managers responsibility of work. From this five key facets have evolved that lie at the foundation of scientific management. Hales (1994) has summarised these as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - systematic standardised work methods via mechanisation and standard times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - a clean functional division between managers and non-mangers. Braverman (1974) described this as the ‘separation of conception from execution'.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - centralised planning and control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - an instrumental, low-involvement employment relationship due to the requirement of t... ...s that are attracted to the industry. But the deskilling due to rationalisation means that such people are ‘strait-jacketed into one dimensional jobs' (Hales 1994) stifling variety and creativity. Therefore such a sentiment tends to argue against the notion that scientific management principles are inevitable. In summary to return to the original statement it can be argued against the belief that scientific management is inevitable and irreversible throughout the entire service industry, although certainly some areas of the industry could benefit from utilising such a management strategy - notably in the budget sector. Bibliography Hales, C. (1994) Managing Through Organisation, Routledge, London. Peters, T. & Waterman, R., In Search of excellence, Harper & Row, New York. Ritzer, G. (1993) The MacDonaldization of Society. Targett, D. (1995) ‘Management Science in service industries', in Schmenner, R.W. (ed.) Service Operations Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Taylor, F.W. (1984) ‘Scientific Management', in Pugh, D. Organisation Theory, Penguin, Harmondsworth. Thompson, P. & McHugh, D. (1990) Work Organisations: A critical introduction, Manmillan, London.

Changes in the American Family Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we have learned through Skolnick’s book, as well as Rubin’s research, the make up of the family is influenced by many factors. The economy, culture, education, ethnicity/race, and tradition all help to create the modern family. The last few decades have heavily influenced the family structure, and while some try to preserve the past, others embrace the future. Through it all, we find you can have both. The first part of Rubin’s book dealt with â€Å"the Invisible Americans.† One of the most thought provoking statements from the beginning, states: â€Å"Indeed, one of the surprising findings of this study is how much in common all these families have, how much agreement they would find among themselves- even about some of the hottest racial issues of the day- if they could put away the stereotypes and hostilities that separate them and listen to each other talk. For if we set aside race, there’s far more to unite working-class families than there is to divide them.† (15) For me, this set the tone for the book. More than once, someone from this study who was of a different culture or race then me, said something I know I had thought or even said before. I found it interesting because with some of them, I thought I was the only one who would feel that way; that it was a problem specific to one group. Rubin’s research shows that a lot can happen in just one generation. Much has been spoken lately of what Tom Brokaw has declared â€Å"The Greatest Generation;† those who fought in WWII. These Americans came back from the war, started families, and worked hard to achieve â€Å"The All American Dream.† But somewhere they must have missed something because this generation is the generation that produced the â€Å"pot smoking, free love hippies† who then produced the adults in Rubin’s study. What changed so much with a generation that was the epitome of hard work, discipline, and structure? Stephanie Coontz’s article, â€Å"What We Really Miss about the 1950’s† addresses that. The world between 1920-1950 is not what we think. There was a high murder rate, a substantial divorce rate, and â€Å"an older generation of neighbors or relatives who tried to tell them how to run their lives and raise their kids.† (Skolnick 33) Itâ⠂¬â„¢s this sense that their children see the world so differently that’s so hard for working-class parents. â€Å"For it seems to say that now, along with ... ... Really Miss about the 1950s† Family in Transition. Ed. Arlene Skolnick and Jermone H. Skolnick: Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 31-39 Kamen, Paula. â€Å"Modern Marriage: From Meal Ticket to Best Friend† Family in Transition. Ed. Arlene Skolnick and Jermone H. Skolnick: Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003 152-160 Laner, Mary Riege. Ventrone, Nicole A. â€Å"Dating Scripts Revisted† Family in Transition. Ed. Arlene Skolnick and Jermone H. Skolnick: Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 143-151 Newman, Katherine S. â€Å"Family Values Against the Odds† Family in Transition. Ed. Arlene Skolnick and Jermone H. Skolnick: Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 320-334 Rubin, Lillian B. Families on the Fault Line, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1994 Taylor, Ronald L. â€Å"Diversity within African American Families† Family in Transition. Ed. Arlene Skolnick and Jermone H. Skolnick: Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 365-388 Zinn, Maxine Baca. Wells, Barbara. â€Å"Diversity Within Latino families: New Lessons for Family Social Science† Family in Transition. Ed. Arlene Skolnick and Jermone H. Skolnick: Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 389-414

Animal Farm, Snowball Essay

He led a revolution, became a scapegoat, and was exiled from his home lane. This person was Leon Trotsky, a Russian Marxist revolutionary. In the novel Animal Farm, Trotsky came out through a pig named Snowball. Throughout the novel, Trotsky is brought up more and more through snowball. Leon Trotsky is represented through Snowball by the many life events they had in common. Snowball was chased away from the farm and became an exile by Napoleons trained dogs. In Trotsky’s life, he too became an exile from his home. He sent away and banned from returning. In addition, Napoleon claimed that all the ideas that had come from Snowball were actually all his own creations. â€Å"One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowballs tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt†¦ slipped through a hole†¦ and was seen no more†(68). This is a quote from the scene where Snowball becomes banned from the farm. After Snowball takes charge over the farm for some time, his comrade, Napoleon comes to despise him. Snowball and Napoleon never agree on anything. Napoleon did not want the animals to side with Snowball, he always argued against Snowballs ideas and was never friendly towards him. What also went on was Napoleon, showing his hatred for Snowball, examined the layouts Snowball had made for the windmill and urinated over the plans. Napoleon showed his disgust by urinating on something that was important to Snowball. â€Å"†¦looked closely at every detail of the plans†¦ then suddenly he [Napoleon] lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked away†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (65). Obviously the action that Napoleon just committed shows hatred for Snowball. After Snowball was gone from the farm, he became a scapegoat for Napoleon. It was suddenly Snowballs fault that the windmill had collapsed. Napoleon needed a reason for it to have fallen, and who better to blame than Snowball, that way the animals would want revenge by building a stronger one; exactly what Napoleon wanted. In addition, it was announced that Snowball had been sneaking onto the farm to steal corn, break eggs and what not. Whatever bad thing that occurred was automatically put on Snowball by Napoleon. â€Å"Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball†(88). With hardly ever any proof, Snowball was always the scapegoat. In conclusion, it is obvious how Snowball went through the events of Leon Trotsky’s life. From having his ideas stolen to becoming a scapegoat, he led the life of a famous revolutionary leader, though it wasn’t a very good life, he made a big impact on all of his comrades and will never be forgotten.

How Much Does it Cost to Publish a Book A Detail of Full Expenses

How Much Does it Cost to Publish a Book A Detail of Full Expenses How Much Does it Cost to Publish a Book? A Detail of Full Expenses How Much Does it Cost to Publish a Book A Detail of Full Expenses How Much Does it Cost to Publish a Book? A Detail of Full Expenses You already know. Thereis a cost to self-publish a book. Much like with any worthwhile endeavor, you may have to sacrifice some cash in order to make more down the road.â€Å"Remember to think of the cost of self-publishing as an investment, not a cost. [A book is] an asset that earns you money long-term.† – Joanna PennIts been an epic journey, from coming up with your idea to fleshing out the first draft of your book, and now, its time to launchyour bookout to the world for everyone to enjoy.However, you may be wondering, How much does it cost to publish a book? Self-publishing has broken down a lot of barriers for writers and dramatically lowered the costs of publishing a book, but there are still some involved.Heres what youll learn about the cost to publish a book:The rise of self-publishingHow much it costs to publish a bookCover design costEditor costFormatting costBook promotion costCost of publishing an audiobookAdditional publishing toolsSince the explosion of digital books on Amazon and various other platforms likeKobo, iBooks, and Smashwords,first-timeauthors and professional authors alike can write, publish and promote their books forless than $1,000.On the other hand, you can spend as much as $20,000 on self-publishing andbook marketing costs if you have that kind of budget. Let’s break down the costs of the self-publishing process.We’ll share some secrets to bring those costs down if you’re budget-conscious.NOTE: We cut down self-publishing costs covered in this post by detailing the best methods for writing, marketing, and self-publishing a book in our VIP 2.0 Self-Publishing Program.Learn more about it hereThe Rise of Self-Publishing If you’re an author dreaming of making your books available to millions of readers, youcanmake it happen. You only have to invest your time, some money, and a little bit of sanity.The sky’s really the limit. Self-publishing on Amazon has made it possible for us to all fly with our books. Are you ready to make yours fly?There are many factors that can affect the cost of publishing your book. What it really boils down to is this: How much are you willing to spend, and how well do you want your book to sell? The reason I ask these questions is because if you go cheap on everything, you could end up putting out alow-qualitybook that gets panned by bad reviews, and then it won’t sell.When publishing on Amazon, quality sells. And yes, quality costs money. But there are ways you can creatively cut costs and still put out a quality book. Let’s take a look. How Much Does It Cost to Publish a Book?The cost of publishing a book varies greatly but self-published authors can expect to spend anywhere from $100-$1500 to publish a book based on additional book production costs like editing, cover design, formatting, and more, which we cover. cover design, formatting, and more, which we cover.To start, let’s look at a sample budget for publi shing a book.Now, these aren’t the high-end numbers for self-publishing. You can spend as much money as you want - this is a list ofbudget-conscious pricing for getting your book done within a reasonable budget.I’ll go into each of these in more detail, with links you can check out for yourself and find what works within your budget.Take some time to shop around see where to get the best value for the best price.However, these are some average prices you can expect when self-publishing your book. What You NeedDetailsAverage CostProfessional Cover DesignEach book NEEDS a professional cover. People judge books by covers and without investing in one, your book will fail.$100 - $600Professional EditingEven if you're the best writer out there, your book will still need a fresh, unbiased pair of eyes on it.$300 - $1,500FormattingA good book needs proper formatting for paperback, hardback (if you want this) and for Ebook. Luckily, this can be included with cover design at ma ny design firms.$50 - $300PromotionIf you want to run ads for your site or pay your launch team in any way, these are costs you will have to cover.$0 - $500Author ToolsThis includes courses, building your site, automated email services, writing software, and more.$175 +How Much Does a Book CoverDesigner Cost?Even though we’ve been told â€Å"you’re not supposed to judge a book by its cover,† the reality is, we do it anyway.The book cover design can often determine whether or not people will actually pay for it and read it. Your cover will make or break your book right off the bat. If there’s any one cost you don’t want to go cheap on, this would be it.While it’s true you can outsource to someone onFiverr and get a decent cover for less than $20, it pays to do your research and find a better designer who is going to deliver a good book cover that sells your book. Cover designers arent  just talented creators. Many who do it as a living have inside market knowledge and tailor your book cover for your specific genre.If you do decide to go through Fiverr, check out this video Chandler Bolt recorded on how to use Fiverr.com to outsource your book coverdesign. I would recommend setting aside a budget of at least $100. This isn’t to say that spending tons of money will get you an awesome cover, but going cheap may hurt your sales in the long run.How Much Does a Book Editor Cost?Ahigh-qualitybook should always be edited by areal editor. Whether you hire a line editor or copy editor, you should get a professional to look over your work. Don’t try to cut corners here.Even if you’re a professional editor yourself with 30 years of experience, you need to outsource it to aprofessional editor.Trust me: A book that contains typos will get bad reviews and sales will drop flat. Where to hire a book editor:Jen Blood EditingMary Kole EditorialThe Novel DoctorMake sure you shop around when hiring a book editor. Sin ce book editors rates vary so greatly, you can often find an amazing editor as a fraction of the price of bigger editing companies, like NY Book Editors.If youre a Self-Publishing School student, we provide a rolodex of tried-and-trusted editors with reduced rates.A 40,000 manuscript edited through NY Book Editors can run you up to $2,700 for a comprehensive edit.NY Book Editors Cost CalculatorLove your book by spending the cash on editing. You can find quality editors atUpwork, or you can find the editors we recommend in our Preferred Outsourcer Rolodex if you’re a member of theSelf-Publishing School community.You can get a very short book, around 15,000 words, line edited for about $150-$250 if you search a wide variety of editors and find one with reasonable pricing.Ghostwriting, developmental or structural editing will run you much more than that depending on the length of your book and the depth of edits you require - prices run around $2,000 for 100,000 words.How Much Does Book Formatting Cost? When it’s time toformat your book, if you’re publishing on Amazon, you might want to get it formatted both for print and for Kindle. You can outsource the formatting of both your e-book and print book for around $60-$200.Fiverr has some goodformattersat reasonable prices. I’d also recommend asking fellow authors if they have any great recommendations for bookformatters.Once you find a book  formatter  you really like, hang on to their contact information  for future reference.Take a look at these costs of publishing to get an idea for this:How Much Does it Cost to Promote Your Book?When it comes to spending cash on promotional sites, you could empty your bank easily. Set a budget for yourself and go with the best of the best within that budget.Budgets vary but I’ll spend $29 on the low end forBuck Books and go as high as $1,000 if you add on a bundle of promo sites to launch your book.Again, this is a major money suck if y ou’re not careful; you can throw thousands into it and get mediocre results.For the best results on several paid launches, I have used:Bookzio($19-29)Robin Reads($35)Buck Books($32)BKnights($5-40)Awesome Gang($10)Bargain Booksy ($25 for nonfiction)BookSends ($40) When it comes to paid promotions, do your research on the top sites that can generate a good return.Check out thisdetailed list of promo sites - some are free!How Much Doesit Cost to Record an Audio Book?Creating an audiobook can run you anywhere from $300 to $3,000 depending on the length of your book and who you hire to do it.If you have a novel with multiple characters and want different people to read different roles, it can run towards the high end of the budget, especially if you’re using high-end talent.Here are some places you can hire audio book narrators:Upwork 27 Best Audiobook NarratorsACX NarratorsAudio Book Recording NarratorsAudiobook VoicesIf you have a good voice or acting experience and you want to give it a shot, you can purchase the basic equipment and record theaudiobookversion yourself.Check out thisblog postfor setting up your recording studio and doing it yourself.Additional Author Tools and ExpensesHere are some of the basic tools for professional authors. This will add a price tag to your book, but many of these are just a one-time payment. Other tools will bill you monthly.#1 Book Publishing Courses If you’re new to the game ofself-publishing, take a course like Self-Publishing School orjoin our Mastermind Community,for everything you need to get started.You could also look into taking multiple courses onUdemy.But again, you can spend a fortune on various courses. I would recommend sticking with one course until you complete it and branching out to learn other skills after you get your first big win.#2 An Author Website Building an author platform is a great consideration if you’re looking to expand your business, write blogs and promote your work. You can build an entire website or just a landing page with a call-to-action to get users to opt in.It’s also important to capture leads to build your mailing list. A lead capture form on your website helps you find quality leads and determine your primary audience.Here are some things you’ll need to look into in order to get started with building a website: Hosting:You can sign up for hosting with servers such asBluehost or Hostgator.The cost would be around $150 per year, which is very reasonable for website hosting. You will get a discount when you sign up for the first year, but pay full price when you renew.Domain Name:You can purchase a domain name to secure your brand and start driving traffic to your site. Check outName.com. A domain name will cost around $10-$15 per year.Email Subscription Services:If you want to collect email addresses, you’ll need to sign upforan email subscription service to manage your emails. There are several choices:MailChi mp: This is free up to the first 2000 subscribers. If you opt in to use their autoresponder service or other upgrades, you’ll have to pay around $10 a month depending on the number of subscribers.AWeber:This platform costs $19 per month for up to 500 subscribers.ConvertKit.com: ConvertKithas tons of value. Price is based onsubscribers but starts at $29 a month for your first 1,000 subscribers. This is now one of the most robust sites for building an email list.#3 Publish Under Your Own Company Ivetalked about this elsewhere, but there are perks to publishing your print book under your own company, instead of publishing with aCreateSpace (which has now merged with KDP) ISBN or another print-on-demand service.The ISBN (the 13-digit number above the barcode at the back of your book)letsbookstores and libraries know everything about your book, including the publisher.If you use a free, generic ISBN assigned to you by CreateSpace orIngramspark, youll limit your chances of a books tore carrying your own book.Free ISBNs eliminate your ebook from being stocked onOverdrive, for example, which circulated more than105 million eBooks in 2014 to public libraries all over the world.Getting your own ISBN and setting yourself up as your own publisher will cost $295 for 10 ISBN codes, but it will help you access all distribution channels.This isnt necessary if youre just starting out - its more important to publish your book and get it out there. However, if you are serious about building a self-publishing empire and making a full-time living from your writing, youll want to eventually invest in getting your own ISBN codes and setting up your own publishing company.How to Increase Book SalesWe all want to make cash with our writing. It may not be the only reason we write, but self-publishing your own book is still an investment. And like any investment, it’s nice to get a return rather than taking a loss. Here is a list of strategies you can implement to increas e your book sales, crush those low book sales, and get more eyeballs on your work.Run acontestthroughGoodreads.Reach out to podcastersandinfluencersin your niche and set up an interview. This has proven to be a big game-changer for authors like Hal Elrod and Tim Ferriss.Run promos every 3 months.After your book has been at regular price for a while, wait three months and then drop it to99 cents again. Set up some paid ads every other day for one week. Try using theKDP countdown strategy.Blog about the topics in your book.Set up a blog and get more traffic and interest in your work by writing about what you love. Traffic that lands on your page can be directed to yourAmazon Author Pageand that meansmore book sales!Write another book.Building acatalogof books is a great formula for generating higher monthly income.Apply for a spot on Bookbub.Bookbub is the big gorilla when it comes tobookpromoting. It’s expensive ($300 and up), but it’s a solid investment and you will ma ke your money back on the promo costs. You can check outBookbub hereand sign up for an author account to get started.4 Ways to Save Money on Your Book Costs Self-publishing can be expensive if you let it. Here are a few tips to help you save on your book costs, both now and in the future.#1 Save Money on Book Formatting (if you dare!) Write your ebookwithScrivener.Not only is Scrivener the number one author tool for writing and organizing your manuscript but, if used effectively, it can save you moneyonformatting costs.If you’d like to learn more about how it works, check out thisScrivener Webinarhosted by Joseph Michael with Chandler Bolt. Joel Friedlander’s The Book Designer also offers a bundle ofbook design templatesfor both fiction and nonfiction.These templates cost money but will save you money in the long run from outsourcing. I have personally been using these to do the formatting for my books.It can betime-consumingat first but once you get the hang of it, y ou’ll save money on formatting costs.#2 Build a List of Email Subscribers Although this topic deserves its own blog (or book), I’ll mention it here because if you build up an email list now, it can save you thousands of dollars in promotional costs down the road.When you launch your next book, you’ll have hundreds or thousands of fans waiting for your next release.Not only that, but these are the fans who will leave reviews if they join yourbook launch teamand purchase your book the first week it comes out. This drives your rankings up, and this drives sales even further. Sound good?You can start to build your email list by including a link to a lead magnet in your ebook. A lead magnet is an offer of a free, valuable piece of content that readers will get if they go to your website and subscribe to your email list.#3 Barter When You Can If youre just starting out with self-publishing and youre on a tight budget, look to barter services when you can. By coming to a deal where you exchange your services or something you have that is of value to people, you can save yourself lots of money.As a writer, maybe you have some copywriting skills.See if you can share some of that in exchange for design work from a cover designer. But it doesnt have to be just raw skills that you barter - Dana Sitargot a cartoonist friend of hers to do the illustrations for her book in exchange for $50 and 10 percent of direct sales of the book.Its a decision she doesnt regret, as the illustrations get her raving reviews. If youre on a budget, you don’t need to fully cut back on the quality of your book.See if there are possibilities to cut a deal and get the service you require to set your book apart.#4 Write a Great Book!This might seem like an obvious tip, but paying attention to the quality of your book throughout the writing process is going to save you money. The better your book, the less you’ll have to spend onediting.You will also gain a sol id reputation as someone who writes really well. This means loyal fans will spread the word about your book and your blog, your email list grows, and any future books you release will practically promote themselves.Well, almost.Your Next Step We are in a great era ofself-publishing.Anyone can turn their dream into a reality with just a few months of hard work, a bit of cash, and a great book idea. Weve broken downthe cost to publish your book so that you have a rough idea of what to budget. Writers have gone on to publish bestsellers with as little an investment as $1,000, while others have required up to $20,000. It all depends what you prioritize and if you can save costs in a manner that doesnt decrease the quality of your book.While money matters, remember the reasons you want to self-publish your book: to get your message out there, build authority, and add something new to the world.Spend what you can to make your book as high quality as possible. If your audience likes it, y oull be sure to hit your goals.

Fmcg Industry in India Essays

Fmcg Industry in India Essays Fmcg Industry in India Essay Fmcg Industry in India Essay Ghaziabad. According to my best knowledge the work is original and has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of any other degree or diploma. Ms. Deepti Mrs. Bani Dey (Faculty) (Executive Director) AIM Campus: NH-24, Delhi-Hapur Bye Pass Road, 26th/27th Km. , P. O. Adhyatmic Nagar, Ghaziabad Ph. 0120 2767341City Office : II A/16, Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad-201001. Ph. 0120-2792341, Fax 2700316 E-mail: [emailprotected] com Visit us at: www. aimgzb. com DECLARATION DECLARATION I, Mohd Asif, student of ADVANCE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, GHAZIABAD, Batch 2009-11, Hereby declares that this project report work entitled â€Å"Impact of global branding on FMCG products in India† is the out come of my own research and prepared by me and the same has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma. Date: (Mohd Asif) Roll no. :0911570052 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT : My debt to those who have helped me in one way or and I am heavily indebted. I take this opportunity to thank all of them. They are too numerous to mention individually. I wish to express my sincere regards to Ms. Deepti (Faculty, AIM), Prof. N. A. Khan (Principal,AIM) for their constant guidance support in completion formulation of this research project report. I am highly obliged to all whose persons who helped directly or indirectly in successful completion of this report. From the depth of my heart and soul I am thankful to almighty God, whose blessing are always with me. Mohd Asif Roll no. 0911570052 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research report is an integral part of management courses. The ability to develop solutions to practical through application of theoretical knowledge is acquired by management students in the course of their research report. It also helps the students to develop professional competence and related skills as also to imbibe certain ethical values and norms expected of professionals. FMCG refers to consumer non-durable goods required for daily or frequent use. Typically, a consumer buys these goods at least once a month. The sector covers a wide gamut of products such as detergents, toilet soaps, toothpaste, shampoos, creams, powders, food products, confectioneries, beverages, chocolates and cigarettes . A BRAND is one that has the same name, design, and creative strategy everywhere in the world and is marketed in most of the major regional market blocks. Branding is a way to differentiate your company, product or service from competitors, and to provide it with a personality that is both unique and appealing to potential customers. Globalization has been the battle cry of the last decennium of the 20th century. This phenomenon is not new or unique to this period. The process has only been given an added impetus by the political, technological and economic developments that have been unique to the last ten years of the century. The demise of communism, the liberalization of trade are only few of the driving forces of this latest round of intensified globalization. The effect that this globalization has had on brands has been spectacular All marketing starts with consumers. So a consumer is very important person for marketers. Consumers decide what to purchase, for whom to purchase, why to purchase, from where to purchase, and how much to purchase. In order to become a successful marketer, he must know liking or disliking of the consumers. The project title is â€Å"Impact of global branding on FMCG products in india †. The objectives of this report is to know about the consumer satisfaction level associated with the product and the customer preference level. Descriptive research design is used to conduct the research . My sample area was many localities of Delhi , Noida and Ghaziabad . There are 100 customers are taken in sample size . Convenience sampling ,a non probability sampling technique has been used as per my resources and time constraints. Both primary and secondary data are take into consideration. primary data are collected through schedule method and secondary data are collected through internet, companies manual. There are nine questions have been asked to 100 customers. For analysis and interpretation of the data bar diagrams and pie charts are used. Each questions are analyzed with the help of bar graph and interpreted accordingly. While conducting the research various problems have been faced like biasness answers given by customers , there was reluctant behaviour of customers, the time period was very short, lack of financial resources . In suggestion it is said that If the company will start road shows that can give the company a competitive edge and a better promotion. Every company should be providing the special offer with the FMCG product. We should make the branded product according to the requirement of the consumer. By concluding the dissertation I would like to give my opinion that when a company is planning to make its brand global the above mentioned objectives which are Firstly, the global brand issues and how to build a global brand, Secondly, the global branding strategies, Thirdly, managing a global brand, Fourthly positioning of the global brand and last but not the least localization of global branding, should be studied thoroughly in order to make the brand successful on international levels TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE NO. INTRODUCTION OF BRANDING13 GLOBALISATION OF BRANDING23 WHAT IS FMCG 31 BRAND EQUITY AND BRAND POSITIONING 40 BRAND LOYALTY46 NEW MEANING OF A BRAND 49 BRAND GLOSSARY 54 CONSUMER INFLUENCE61 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY65 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY67 DATA ANALYSIS72 FINDINGS81 LIMITATION84 CONCLUSION86 SUGGESTIONS90 ANNEXURE94 BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES98 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Globalization has been the battle cry of the last decennium of the 20th century. This phenomenon is not new or unique to this period. The process has only been given an added impetus by the political, technological and economic developments that have been unique to the last ten years of the century. The demise of communism, the liberalization of trade are only few of the driving forces of this latest round of intensified globalization. The effect that this globalization has had on brands has been spectacular. New brands are seemingly born global, or at the very least experience a quick rollout from home or lead countries into other markets. Many traditionally local brands are sold, fazed-out or face transition to a new regional or global brand name and subsequent harmonization. Brand portfolios, which have been built-up through decennia of acquisitions, are rationalized in order to focus attention and resources on a limited number of strategic brands. Long established brands have enhanced their dominant positions across the globe, threatening less marketing-savvy local brands, but also encountering stern opposition from local brands that find ways to fight back. Some of the global brands manage to become local institutions by filling a local role in the societies where they operate, while others dominate their category as global monoliths. Debates have also flared over the supposed supremacy of global brands and the inadequacy of (multi-) local brands. This paper argues that this viewpoint is incorrect and that the each individual global or international brand has specific opportunities and limitations when it comes to standardization or localization. Only a thorough understanding of a variety of factors that influence brands in their global and local contexts helps determine the best course for them. Brand strategy is aimed at influencing people’s perception of a brand in such a way that they are persuaded to act in a certain manner, e. g. uy and use the products and services offered by the brand, purchase these at higher price points, donate to a cause. A global brand needs to provide relevant meaning and experience to people across multiple societies. To do so, the brand strategy needs to be devised. McDonalds, Microsoft, Nike, Starbucks, Coca-Cola, Sony. There is hardly a corner of the earth where their name s are not known. They are global brands, yet few people would have any difficulty identifying their countries of origin. There are several corporations with a global presence, but we have yet to see the emergence of the global corporation. Branding is a way to differentiate your company, product or service from competitors, and to provide it with a personality that is both unique and appealing to potential customers. It is a multifaceted, multilayered process and discipline. Its beneficial for smaller companies to have well-focused and consistent attention to branding, and to creating favorable, memorable positioning of their product/service in the minds of prospects and customers is the most effective way to compete, to rise above the static and become a factor in the competitive arena in which they’ve chosen to participate. As we cross into the next century, the issues facing brand and identity managers will become increasingly complex. Globalization, industry consolidation and market fragmentation are only a few of the challenges to be addressed. But no matter what new obstacles arise, and no matter which new audiences must be reached, success is impossible without an effective identity management strategy, a strong brand management organization and a workable plan for implementing ideas. The last two decades we have seen an ongoing globalization of markets, industries and competition. A still increasing number of firms pursue international market expansion in order to satisfy global customers and to capture economies of scale in, for example, production and advertising. First of all, this leads to an increase in a firm’s country portfolio. Moreover, nowadays products are not longer developed for the domestic market only. After the product is launched in the domestic market, sooner or later products will often be introduced in foreign markets. Consequently, product launch decisions are not longer constrained to one particular market, but involve multiple markets. We found that consumers perceive there to be three main types of global brand – Master brands, Prestige brands and Global brands, with two additional groupings of importance. Definitions of â€Å"Brand† Descartes said: â€Å"Refine the meaning of words, and you would save humanity from most of its delusions. † Physical â€Å"words† are refined so meticulously that any physicist will give you identical definitions of â€Å"voltage,† â€Å"force,† or â€Å"neutron capture cross-section. † (Marketers will give hundreds of definitions of â€Å"marketing. ) Now, let’s expose our Phys to the definition of â€Å"brand†: â€Å"A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. † Phys’ll be stunned – the definition does not stand the easiest test: suppose we give our cow some name, say, Cleopatra. It perfectly identif ies her as distinct from cows of other sellers, thus meeting the definition. Is our darling Cleopatra a brand? If Mercedes tomorrow becomes Dolores, will it stop to be a brand? Or, if Pentium were dubbed Intellect or ProChip, will it sell less? Phys’ll find that while many serious branding texts de facto ignore the dated definition, regarding names and symbols simply as identifiers, many companies are naive enough to believe (courtesy that definition) that branding is just about naming and designing. That’ll give Phys a clue to why most of new introductions fail in the market. BRANDING A BRAND is one that has the same name, design, and creative strategy everywhere in the world and is marketed in most of the major regional market blocks. A Brand gives a company a uniform worldwide image that enhances efficiency and cost savings when introducing other products associated with the brand name, but not all companies believe in a single Global approach is the best. In addition to companies like Kodak, Coca – Cola, Caterpillar and Levi’s that use the same brands worldwide. Other multinationals such as Nestle, Mars, Proctor Gamble, and Gillette1 have some brands that are promoted worldwide and others that are country specific. Among companies that have faced the question of whether or not to make all their brands global, not all have followed the same path. Building a brand is inherent in using a standardized product. It success depends on a growing convergence of consumers tastes and preferences and coordination of global advertising and promotion. Also important is the development of communication media with multinational reach, such as the simultaneous transmission around the world of the summer Olympics. In such cases, because the same transmission is received around the world, firms benefit if the brands featured in the transmission are familiar to the world audience. A successful brand is the most valuable resource a company has. The brand name encompasses the years of advertising, good will, and quality evaluation. Product experience, and the other beneficial attributes the market associates with the product. Brand image is at the very core of business identity and strategy. Customers everywhere respond to images, myths and metaphors that help them define their personal and national identities within a global context of world culture and product benefits. Global Brands play an important role in that process. The value of Kodak, Sony, Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Toyota and Marlboro is indisputable2. One estimate of the value of Coca-Cola, the world’s most valuable brand, places it at over $35 billion. Infact, one authority speculates that brands are so valuable that companies will soon include a statement â€Å" statement of value† addendum to their balance sheets to include intangibles such as the value of their brands. Naturally, companies with such strong bands strive to use those brands globally. Even for products that must be adapted to local markets conditions, a Global Brand can be successfully used. Benefits Attributed to Brands Efficiencies of Scale- Leveraging production, distribution and marketing expenditures over a greater number of markets can yield significant economies of scale. Global Event Sponsorship- Only globally consistent brands backed by strong marketing budgets can truly leverage (and afford) sponsorship of high-impact events such as the Olympics and the World Cup. Leveraged Agency Relationships- Firms awarding global advertising accounts can gain greater leverage with external agencies by commanding better service and talent. Responsiveness to Global Customers- Standardized products or services under a consistent brand improves the ability of firms to meet the needs of global business customers and increasingly sophisticated and information-rich consumers. Efficiencies in Scope- Global brands offer unique opportunities for extending product or service lines under an established brand across established channel relationships, boosting speed to market and product launch. Building a Great Brand Here’s a six-step process to building a great brand: 1. Target our message define our target customer group precisely. 2. Make each initial customer contact our absolute best. 3. Give our brand a dynamic personality people want to have fun while they explore. 4. Create an experience for our customer they won’t forget, for oftentimes customers forget the brand but come back for the experience (think Starbucks, big time! ). For â€Å"experience,† read â€Å"adventure† something that works to gain and sustain interest. A strong brand can boost stock value as well as sales. 5. Deliver on our promises time and time again. Our customers come to us because we offer them a value that no one else can. Do what we say we are going to do, and more. . Be our customer’s soul mate stay in constant quality contact over the long haul. Major Issues Concerning Global Branding Everyone is talking about global branding these days, as a follow- up on globalization. We need to be careful how we use the word global. So often it is used to mean that a company can sell anywhere in the world. But th at is not what counts: sales count, and sales only occur when the market is aware of a companys product or service. There is a world of difference between using the words global and international in a company name and its marketing/communication ersus actually developing the markets in other countries, one by one. The only way to speak about global and really mean it is on the granular level country by country . The Branding Strategies This objective introduces four general brand strategies and examines the internal and external factors that influence these strategies for brands. Managers of global and international brands must understand these issues in order to assess the potential for standardizing their brands across diverse societies, the factors that necessitate specific brand adaptations, and the prospects for competitive advantages. Likewise, managers of local brands need to understand the particular strengths and weaknesses of the strategies of their global competitors and use this knowledge to devise their competitive responses. GENERAL BRAND STRATEGIES Brand strategy is aimed at influencing people’s perception of a brand in such a way that they are persuaded to act in a certain manner, e. g. buy and use the products and services offered by the brand, purchase these at higher price points, donate to a cause. In addition, most brand strategies aim to persuade people to buy, use, and donate again by offering them some form of gratifying experience. As branding is typically an activity that is undertaken in a competitive environment, the aim is also to persuade people to prefer the brand to competition. A global brand needs to provide relevant meaning and experience to people across multiple societies. To do so, the brandstrategy needs to be devised that takes account of the brandâ„ ¢s own capabilities and competencies, the strategies of competing brands, and the outlook of consumers (including business decision makers) which has been largely formed by experiences in their respective societies. There are four broad global brand strategy areas that can be employed:- Brand Domain. Brand domain specialists are experts in one or more of the brand domain aspects (products/services, media, distribution, solutions). A brand domain specialist tries to pre-empt or even dictate particular domain developments. This requires an intimate knowledge, not only of the technologies shaping the brand domain, but also of pertinent consumer behavior and needs. The lifeblood of a brand domain specialist is innovation and creative use of its resources. A brand domain specialist is like a cheetah in the Serengeti preying on impala and gazelle. The cheetah is a specialist hunter with superior speed to chase, and the claws and teeth to kill these animals. The cheetah is also very familiar with the habits of its prey. It finds ways of approaching, singling out and capturing its prey. The cheetah is one of the most accomplished of hunters within the wild cat species; it catches up to 70% of prey that it hunts. Brand Recognition. Brand recognition specialists distinguish themselves from competition by raising their profiles among consumers. The brand recognition specialist either convinces consumers that it is somehow different from competition, as is the case for niche brands, or rises above the melee by becoming more well- known among consumers than competition. The latter is particularly important in categories where brands have few distinguishing features in the minds of consumers. In some cases, a brand recognition specialist needs to be able to outspend competition to gain unbeatable levels of awareness. In other cases, a brand recognition specialist needs to convince a loyal following of consumers that it is unique. A recognition specialist is like a peacock. Most of us will know little about birds, but we can recognize a peacock from. Type of Branding There are different strategies global companies can follow with respect of branding. First, there is the choice between different brand types, described belows are Lion, After Eight, Pepsodent, and Club med. The vast majority of existing global brands were developed as single product brands that were built to position within national and international boundaries. Range brands or line Brandss are Schweppes (tonic,bitter,lemon,soda,water), Budweiser,Mercedes. Umbrella Brands or Corporate Brands: different products or brands are marketed under one name. The name can be the company name or an umbrella brand name of a company. The umbrella name can be used as an endorsement to indicate the source: Nestle name on the package of Nescafe, Maggi, or Dairy crunch means it endorses the quality. GM endorses Pontiac, Buick, Oldsmobile, and Chevrolet. Examples of corporate brands are: Benetton, Mitsubishi, Philips, Braun, Canon. Examples of Brand names are: Nivea, Cartier. Since the early 1990’s there have been two main trends in Global Branding Strategies. They are as follows- 1. From Monobrands to Endorsement Brandings are the change of the Marathon candy bar into the Snickers bar, and Treets and Bonitos being replaced by M. The Perception of Brands Many successful Brands have an international image, but this is not a necessity for success. A brand may be sold worldwide and show all the characteristics of a brand, but that does not necessarily make it a brand that is perceived as global by the consumers in all the countries. There are few brands that are perceived as global by the consumer. Successful global brands can be perceived as local in certain countries: for example Nivea, a brand of Beiersdorf in Germany. A number of studies have shown that consumers do not care whether brands are domestic or imported, local or global, as long as the brands offer good value for money. It may well be that part of the success of a global is its integration into the local culture. It is the consumer who makes a brand successful by buying it and being loyal to it. Most often the need for a brand is in the mind of the producer, not in the mind of the consumer. Most strong brands, even if they are distributed worldwide, still have a strong national base and a very unequal market position in other countries. Moreover, brands that are now classic examples of Brands did not become global overnight. Some brands globalize faster than others. Brands that have become strong Brands are usually very old. Consumers have good memories, even for brands that have not been advertised for some time. Once a brand is known to consumers, it cannot easily be erased from consumers mind4. An interesting example is the German cigarette brand Ernte 23, which had become very weak in West Germany over the past decades, after the Berlin Wall came down, the brad became very strong in Saxony in former East Germany. People remembered the â€Å"good old days† which were expected to return after reunification. Particularly in Europe, many brands have a very unequal status in countries other than their home country, for example Danone is a prominent leader in France, but a challenger in Germany and the United Kingdom. HOW DO YOU POSITION THE BRANDS GLOBALLY? STEP 1: DEVELOP A GLOBAL MINDSET The first barrier that the firm will face is making the decision to market the product or the brand globally. The global mindset should consist of the following: 1. A decision (and commitment) to sell the brands in international markets. 2. A choice of 1 or 2 product lines that have potential overseas. 3. A choice of â€Å"international championship† within the company. 4. A mental time frame for first sales. 5. A mental picture of how you will service the business. STEP2: DETERMINE WHETHER THE PRODUCT HAS A GLOBAL POTENTIAL Here there are two phases of market research- 1. Preliminary Market Research: ?Determine which regions and countries have the potential for the brands or the products. ?Identify the local competition-their products, prices and so forth ? Determine the distribution channels. ?Below are the following questions while taking the above points in consideration: What is the market potential for the products going global? What are the risk factors? Who and where are the customers? What are the competing products? . In-Depth Market Research Having determined that there is a strong possibility that there is significant market demand and potential for the product and services in a country, the next step is to conduct in depth research that will provide the following information: 1. Customer’s attitudes and preferences. 2. Pricing studies. 3. Accurate market sizing data. 4. Identification of distributors, joint ventures, strate gic alliances and so forth. STEP3: SELECT THE GLOBAL APPROACH Select the high potential markets for the products or the brands. Identify the competitors; develop a sound market entry strategy and establishing profitable operations in these countries. Essentially there are 2 main approaches: _ Approach 1: Ready, Aim, Shoot Based on the preliminary research, select one country and send a team or personnel to the country to initiate the following effort. Make customers contacts Develop distribution channels Select representatives This is a very targeted approach. The advantage of this approach are that on will concentrate ones efforts on one country and that one can use the country as a test market for similar countries in the same region. Approach 2: The â€Å"Shotgun† For this approach identification of an international general within your country and send him or her out to determine the products potential in various countries throughout the world. The advantages of this approach are the following:- It accelerates globalization effort. It enables to gain the perspective of the market opportunity in several countries on a global basis. It maximizes the resources on a regional basis. STEP4: SELECT AN INTERNATIONAL CHAMPION After selecting the approach to globalization, you have to identify someone to be the international champion. This person should be your champion for international growth. This person will standardize the sales presentation; yet adjust the sales pitch to the cultural nuances of each country. Some countries may require more time to digest the sales presentation of the brands. STEP 5: KEEP YOUR MARKET ENTRY COSTS LOW The initial expenses should consist of expenses such as travel, communications and promotions of the brands. Initial avoidances of expenses such as hiring staff, leasing an office should be kept to the minimum. STEP 6: MAINTAIN THE BRAND QUALITY, SERVICE In many respects, once established, international accounts are more loyal to the brands and have more long-term relationships with suppliers than the domestic market. It is very important to service the internatio9nal distributors, customers and affiliates. When competing a brand globally all that is there is the brand reputation. STEP 7: GLOBAL BRAND ADVERTISING Once a product is developed to meet target market needs and is properly priced and distributed, the intended customers must be informed of the product’s availability and value. Advertising and promotion are basic activities in an international company’s mix. A well designed promotion mix includes advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and public relations with are mutually reinforcing and focused on common objective. Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving advertising are the ones most often affected by cultural differences among country markets. Consumers reflect their culture styles, feelings, value systems, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. Reconciling an international advertising and sales promotion effort with the cultural uniqueness of markets is the challenge confronting the international or global marketer. The basic framework and concepts of international promotion are essentially the same wherever employed. Five steps are involved: Determine the promotional mix Determine the extent of worldwide standardization Develop the most effective messages Select effective media Global brands generally are the result of a company that elects to be guided by a global marketing strategy. Global brands carry the same name, same design, and same creative strategy everywhere in the world. Example are Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, McDonalds etc. Some global companies have successfully capitalized on the worldwide popularity of pop music stars in their global advertisements. Example Michael Jackson and Tina Turner are featured in Pepsi-Cola advertisements. WHAT IS FMCG? FMCG refers to consumer non-durable goods required for daily or frequent use. Typically, a consumer buys these goods at least once a month. The sector covers a wide gamut of products such as detergents, toilet soaps, toothpaste, shampoos, creams, powders, food products, confectioneries, beverages, and cigarettes Typical characteristics of FMCG products ?Individual items are of small value. But all FMCG products put together account for a significant part of the consumers budget. ?The consumer keeps limited inventory of these products and prefers to purchase them frequently, as and when required. Many of these products are perishable. ?The consumer spends little time on the purchase decision. Rarely does he/she look for technical specifications (in contrast to industrial goods). Brand loyalties or recommendations of reliable retailer/ dealer drive purchase decisions. ?Trial of a new product i. e brand switching is often induced by heavy advertisement, recommendation of the retailer or neighbours/ friends. These products cater to necessities, comforts as well as luxuries. They meet the demands of the entire cross section of population. Price and income elasticity of demand varies across products and consumers The FMCG sector has been the cornerstone of the Indian economy. Though, the sector has been in existence for quite a long time, it began to take shape only during t he last fifty-odd years. To date, the Indian FMCG industry continues to suffer from a definitional dilemma. In fact, the industry is yet to crystallize in terms of definition and market size, among others. The sector touches every aspect of human life, from looks to hygiene to palate. Perhaps, defining an industry whose scope is so vast is not easy. After witnessing booming sales and flooding markets with innumerable products, FMCG companies have had to abruptly apply the brakes and look for various ways to save costs. The Rs. 43,000 crore (listed companies) FMCG industry in India, which has been on a roll for many years, faces tough times ahead, although many segments still shows good growth. Transformation of quantity into quality Inquisitive Phys’ll discover that decades ago it took guts to â€Å"brand† a roduct to distinguish it from a sea of commodities, thus inviting possible criticisms and rejections. To survive, branded products had to be superior; and, when proven to be superior, they sold better and made more money. That’ll explain to Phys the â€Å"name-and-design† definition – there was no need to stress the implicit financial aspects! Phy s’ll also discover that things have changed radically ever since. Now, with nearly all products â€Å"branded† in the old sense, simply naming a product would NOT automatically generate extra cash any more – a case of quantity transforming into quality. The scenario of a big fish in a small pond was replaced by that of thousands of sharks in an ocean. To Phys that’s like a leap from Newton to Einstein in physics. With products in any category being almost equal, Phys will perhaps think of Orwell’s words: â€Å"All animals are created equal, but some animals are more equal than others. † And so the task of branding now is to create and maintain products that are â€Å"more equal than others. † . A good FMCG brand Technically, a good FMCG brand is a good PRODUCT per se, with good IDENTIFIERS, good ASSOCIATIONS, and good AVAILABILITY. Generally, a brand needs good advertising, but there are some brands that fare perfectly all right without any advertising of note. Phys will find it amazing that the literature generally overlooks availability. However, any practitioner knows that an excellent FMCG brand that is only available at 20% of marketing outlets, will hardly outsell a poorer product available at 100% outlets. Introducing the availability gives: FMCG productId en ti fi ers ¦  ¦>Associations + Availability ¦  ¦>Superbenefits On careful consideration, Phys might suggest to replace the misleading term â€Å"product brand† by something like â€Å"winning† or â€Å"best-selling† product SOFT DRINK MARKET IN INDIA Today India is one of the most potential markets, with population of around 900 million people, the Indian soft drinks market was only of 200 cases per year. This was very low even compared to Pakistan and Philippines. Population and potential market are two major reasons for major multinational companies of entering India. They feel that a huge population coupled with low consumption can only lead to an increase in the soft drink market. Another increase in the sale of soft drinks in the scorching heat and the climate of India, which is suitable for high sale of soft drinks. All these factors together have contributed to a 30% growth in the soft drinks industry. If the demand continues growing at the same rate, within two years the volume could touch 1 billion cases. All these factors are the reasons for the entry two giant of the soft drink industry of the world to enter the Indian market. These two giants Pepsi and Coca-Cola, Themselves share 96% of the soft drink market share. Rest is shared by Cadbury’s Schweppes, Campa Cola and other soft drink brands. But was the scene same 20 years ago? The answer is No. 1970 was the year of pure soft drinks Campa cola and Parle people (Thums up and Limca). SOFT DRINK CONSISTS OF A FLAVOR BASE, SWEETENER AND CARBONATED WATER. IN GENERAL TERMS NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINKS ARE CONSIDERED AS SOFT DRINKS THIS NAME SOFT DRINK WAS GIVEN BY AMERICANS AS AGAINST HARD WHICH IS MAINLY ALCOHOLIC. THE MAJOR PARTICIPANTS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT DRINK ARE CONCENTRATE AND SYRUP PRODUCERS, BOTTLERS AND RETAIL CHANNEL. CONCENTRATE PRODUCERS MANUFACTURE BASIC SOFT DRINK FLAVOURS AND RETAIL CHANNEL REFERS TO BUSINESS LOCATION THAT TELLS OR SERVES THE PRODUCTS DIRECTLY TO CONSUMERS. Soft drink is not a product, which a person plans to buy before hand, but is an impulse purchase. Lots of sale depends upon the strength of merchandizing done at the point of sale. It all begin in 1977, a change in government at the center led the exit of coca-cola which preferred to quit rather to dilute its equity to 40% in compliance with the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). The first national cola drink to pop up was double seven. In the meantime, Pure Drinks, Delhi on coke’s exit, switched over to Campa Cola. The beginning of 1980’s saw the birth of another cola drink, Thums up, Parle the Gold spot people, launched it in 1978-79, as â€Å"Refreshing Cola†. By the mid-eighties Mc Dowells launched Thrill, and by the late eighties there was Double Cola, which entered in India market, as a NRO-run out fit with its plant in Nasik { Maharastra }, in 1978 Parle, Indian soft drink’s market (share 33%) with its gold spot and Limca brands. Later Thums Up also started Thums Up. At the same time the threat to the Indian soft drinks was that of fruit drinks. In 1988, fruit drinks market was valued at Rs. 40 crores and grew at the rate 20%. Coca-Cola entered Indian by buying up to 69% of the 1,800 crore soft drink market { i. e. 5 Parle Export brands of Thums Up’s Limca Gold spot, Citra Maaza }. Today the scene has changed making it a direct battle between two giant Coca-Cola and Pepsi. The picture will become clearer by looking at the India market shares in the beverage industry. One of the strongest weapons in Coke armory is the flexibility it has empowered its people with. In Coke every employee, may he be a manager or salesman, have an authority to take whatever steps he or she feels will make the consumers aware of the brand and increase its consumption. Thus Coke believes in establishing and nurturing creditability of the salesman and making commitment to grow business in accounts. All these factors together led to a high growth in the Indian market and constantly increasing market share. PRODUCT Brand portfolio NamePicture Coca-Cola Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Cherry New Coke/Coca-Cola II Coca-Cola with Lemon Coca-Cola Vanilla Coca-Cola C2 Coca-Cola with Lime Coca-Cola Raspberry Coca-Cola Zero Coca-Cola M5 Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla Coca-Cola Blak Coca-Cola Citra Coca-Cola Light Sango Coca-Cola Orange COKE’S MARKETING STRATEGIES Coke decides on its marketing strategies at a national level and lends them a local flavor. For example, while festival mood plays a strong role in marketing, it is activated for Durga Puja in Calcutta, Dandiya in Gujarat, etc. , Coke has its focus on the youth market in India. As a first step toward catching the attention of the youth, coke signed on cricket heroes Saurav Ganguly and Javagal Srinath. It slowly started talking about youth passions like cricket, films, festivals and food. Soon the advertisements started giving the message, â€Å"Eat Cricket, Sleep Cricket, Drink only Coca-Cola† And now it has started modifying film hits to frame catch lines that appeal to the youth. This particular strategy has worked well for coke. COKE IS FOCUSED ON DISTRIBUTION TO ENSURE THAT ITS PRODUCTS ARE WITHIN CUSTOMER’S REACH. AND IT SAVES ITS FOCUS HAS BEGUN TO PAY IT DIVIDENDS. AS PER MID-1998 FIGURES COKE IS SELLING AS MANY BOTTLES IN THE HINTERLAND OF PUNJAB AS IT DOES THE FOUR METROS. COCA COLA GLOBALIZATION STRATEGIES THE COCA-COLA COMPANY IS GLOBAL PLAYER AND APPROXIMATELY 70 % OF ITS VOLUME AND 80 % OF ITS PROFIT COME FROM OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ALTHOUGH IT WAS PERCEIVED AS A STANDARDIZED BRAND ACROSS THE WORLD, COCA-COLA HAD BEEN QUIETLY FINE TURNING ITS INTERNATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGIES TO SUIT THE NEEDS OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONAL MARKETS. ONLY THE BRAND COCA-COLA, SPRITE AND FANTA WERE MARKETED GLOBALLY. IN LATIN AMERICA AND EUROPE, WHERE A HEAVY CONSUMER PREFERENCE EXISTED FOR LEMON LIME AND ORANGE SODAS. COKE HAD DEVELOPED A WIDE RANGE OF FORMULATIONS AND FLAVORS TO CATER THE NEEDS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. IN EI SALVADOR AND VENEZUELA, A VERSION OF FANTA CALLED FANTA KOLITA A CREAM SODA TYPE OF DRINK BECAME EXTREMELY POPULAR. SIMILARLY, IN INDONESIA COKE HAD BEEN SELLING PINEAPPLE AND BANANA LIMCA, MAAZA AND THUMS UP IN 1993. PROMOTION : THE COCA-COLA WAY Consumer activity clusters :- Grocery shopping Other shopping services Eating and drinking Entertainment / Recreation / Leisure Travel / Transportation / Hospitality Educational At Work The 3A’s :- The strategy for reaching increasing numbers of consumers in India is based on the belief that consumers will buy our products it they are Available, Affordable and Acceptable. Strategies for the 3A’s Focus on the consumer and customer. To provide quality c ustomer services, and caring about the quality of performance in respective jobs. Caring enough about what we do, to it the best we know how. The 3A’s is Coca-Cola underlying strategy for meeting its goal to reach increasing numbers of consumer’s. How does coke position its limited resources to help meet its good. Let us explore the specific ways in which the Coca-Cola system addresses each of the 3A’s :- Availability Some of the ways in which the Coca-Cola Company hopes to increase availability of its product include improved or innovative packaging, dispensing systems, distributions system, marketing. Affordability The ways to address affordability include pricing decisions, as well as resource management. To make its product available at a price affordable to the consumer. Continually processes more efficient and therefore more cost-effective. Acceptability Making coca-cola brand products the beverage choice for any occasion’s depends on a variety of strategies to reach the target audience. The common strategies adopted to effect acceptability were though sponsorships, promotion youth market activities, community programs, and other activates. CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION OUT LINE DYGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL OF COCA COLA Company Manufacturing goods Distributors Dealer Company Vehicle RetailerRetailer Consumer Consumer DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL Distribution means supply of goods from company to its ultimate user. After manufacturing the product the important work for the is to provide its goods to its ultimate user at the right time and when manufacturing process has been over. Than marketing work will be start by the marketing Department adopt the policy for providing goods to the consumer at the right time and place. Distribution means the way be which the product reach to the hand of consumer these all process comes under the Distribution of Network. Good distribution network is essential for more sailing and customer satisfaction. If customer or retailer is not satisfy of your distribution net work. It reflect that company’s Distribution is not good and some thing is wrong any when. THE DISTRIBUTION OF COCA COLA OF BEST. COMPANY DON’T WANT TO TAKE ANY TYPE OF RISK SO THEY HAVE MADE THE DISTRIBUTOR IN DIFFERENT 2 AREAS. DISTRIBUTOR TAKE THE FLAVORS FROM THE COMPANY AND DEPOSIT ALL THE PAYMENT IN ADVANCE BY THIS PROCESS COMPANY GET ALL THE MONEY AT THE RIGHT TIME. DISTRIBUTOR ESTABLISH ALL THE GOODS IN BARE HOUSE COMPANY IS APPOINTED 2 OR 3 EXECUTIVE FOR MARKETING. EXECUTIVES ARE GETTING THE SALARY FROM COMPANY. BUT SALES MAN HELPER, LOADER, APPOINTED BY THE DISTRIBUTOR. DISTRIBUTOR IS LIABLE TO GIVE THE SALARY TO THE SALES MAN HELPER, LOADER AND CLERK THE SALES MAN DO THE WORK UNDER THE PRESSURE OF EXECUTIVE. From the bare house company launch the flavors in the market. The flavor reach in the market to the retailer by two medium. 1)By the company vehicle 2)Dealer Company vehicle and dealers both provided the flavors to the Retailer. Retailer sales the flavor to the consumer. This is the good marketing strategy. Impact of global branding on fmcg Analysis how the brand effect the customer purchasing decision in fmcg durable. Understand the choice of the customer is branded or non branded. THE NEW MEANING OF A BRAND How do you go beyond the brand? You have to really dig in to emotional connections with consumers. The rational side of life isnt enough. Weve got too much information. We do not live in the information age anymore, nor do we live in the age of knowledge. Weve gone hurtling past that. Once everybody has information and knowledge, its no longer a competitive advantage. We live now in the age of the idea. What consumers want now is an emotional connection. They want to be able to connect with whats behind the brand, whats behind the promise. Theyre not going to buy simply rational. You feel the world through your senses, the five senses, and thats whats next. The brands that can move to that emotional level, that can create loyalty beyond reason, are going to be the brands where premium profits lie. If you read some of the literature, you see that people are struggling and not knowing where to go next. So theres antiglobalization, anti-brands. Its very easy to be anti-something. Its very tough to be pro something and to build. So I think were trying to develop with Lovemarks a way forward, not just an anti, we dont think this is going to work kind of approach Who creates the brand? Good question. Nowadays, its a fusion of both. In fact, there are many examples of brands where the producer has very little to do with how the brand is constructed. The consumer has almost taken over. For example, one brand that we work with, BMW Motorcycles, its the motorcyclists themselves who are determining what the brand is all about. Its about the riding experience. They see themselves as the gritty warriors of the road. Harley-Davidson riders are seen as weekend warriors. BMW riders are seen as the kind of people who ride 10,000 miles in one trip. The BMW manufacturers have very little to do with that brand. Its the owners of the motorbikes themselves who have created that impression and have created a community around the brand, importantly. The brand has moved off the package to To consumers minds. At the end of the day, a brand is simply neural impulses in peoples brains stimulated by the experience of using it or of someone saying that they recommend it, or packaging, or whatever. Its simply a neural impulse. The item itself is almost secondary. Whats the difference between a brand and a product? Are you going to buy the Arm Hammer? Are you going to buy the Colgate? Are you going to buy the Crest? Are you going to buy Pepsodent for a little blast from the past? Thats where all the money is spent to try to influence that decision. If you buy the Pepsodent, Arm Hammer, Colgate and Crest have failed. And yet decisions are made to the tunes of billions of dollars every day voting for the other guy. So has advertising pulled your strings? Evidently not. Thats one answer. Sometimes brands are just brands. Sometimes theres actually something inherent, something intrinsic to them that makes them different. Sometimes its an actual property of the product thats different, and sometimes its just an idea. Three of the greatest campaigns in advertising history are built on nothing more than an idea. Marlboro cigarettes: Its built on the idea of rugged individualism, of making your own decisions, of taking on the world all by yourself, squinting into the sun. And Nike, Just do it. They hire the same slaves in Southeast Asia to make a pair of shoes for $4 and then sell them for $120 as all the other sneaker manufacturers. What has imbued Nike with this special something? Its two things: One is Michael Jordan, who was this extraordinary athlete doing seemingly impossible, virtuosic things, and they borrowed that interest at great expense. The other was Just do it, because hitherto, no sneaker manufacturer had taken upon itself to say to the audience, Why dont you just get up off your fat ass? They began to own the aspirational quality of sport, and the campaign grew to have them own all of the emotion of sport, the drama of sport, the grit of sport, the aspiration, the triumph and so forth. They own the idea of all of the really powerful emotional sentiments that we attach to sport. They own them because they bought them, and they bought them by advertising this idea again and again and again and again and again. Theres just not a whole lot of difference between the most expensive Nike shoe and the most expensive Reebok. But theyve got much, much, much, much larger share of the marketplace on the strength of an advertising idea. A diamond is forever. How is it that the diamond is the default demonstration of lifelong love and affection? How did that happen? An advertising idea. They turned a commodity a rock into the ultimate expression of enduring love. It was just an advertising idea, and it has penetrated societies throughout the world for 100 years. Thats pretty extraordinary. You know what, though? Marlboro, Nike, A diamond is forever this very, very seldom happens. These are the few examples when advertising really does cast a Svengali spell. And I guarantee you theres a lot of advertisers out there trying to do that all the time, but 99. 9 percent of the time theyre failing, because its hard to do. Very seldom can you trade on an idea to change the way people view your good or service. Mostly its just 12 percent more whitening power, and the 12 percent more whitening power struggle and ideas sometimes are triumphant BRAND GLOSSARY Brand A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, association, trademark or design which is intended to identify the products or services of one provider or group of providers, and to differentiate them from those of competitors. A brand has functional and emotional elements which create a relationship between customers and the product or service. Brand Attributes Brand attributes are the functional and emotional associations which are assigned to a brand by its customers and prospects. Brand attributes can be either negative or positive, and can have different degrees of relevance and importance to different customer segments, markets and cultures. Brand attributes are the basic elements for establishing a brand identity. Brand Audit A brand audit is a comprehensive and systematic examination of a brand involving activities (both tangible and intangible) to assess the health of the brand, uncover its sources of equity and suggest ways to improve and leverage that equity. The brand audit requires the understanding of brand equity sources from the perspective of both the firm and the consumer. Brand Awareness Brand awareness is a common measure of marketing communications effectiveness. Brand awareness is measured as the proportion of target customers which has prior knowledge of the brand. It is measured by two distinct measures; brand recognition and brand recall. Brand recognition is the customers ability to confirm prior exposure/knowledge of a brand when shown or asked explicitly about the brand (also referred to as aided or prompted awarenes). Brand recall is the customers ability to retrieve a brand from memory when given the product category but not mentioning of the brand (also referred to as spontaneous or unaided awareness). Brand Culture Strong brands are managed by organisations characterized by their strong internal brand cultures. A strong brand culture is determined by the internal attitudes towards branding, management behaviour and practices of an organisation. These combined efforts are crucial to build and maintain strong brand equity through competitive advantages from branding. The most prominent person to lead these efforts is the CEO and the senior management team. Brand Expansion The exposure of a brand to a broader target customer market, geographic market, or distribution channels. Brand Extension The application of a brand beyond its initial range of products, or outside of its category. This becomes possible when the brand image and attributes have contributed to a perception with the consumer/user where the brand and not the product is the decision driver. Brand Guidelines Brand guidelines are internal tools available in an organisation to educate, reinforce and motivate all involved in building and maintaining strong brands. Brand guidelines are crucial in establishing and enhancing a strong and dedicated brand culture. The brand guidelines can take various forms and methods, and could consist of brand vision, brand identity, brand strategy guidelines, a short description of the brand, brand values, brand positioning, positioning guidelines, communication tips, writing style guidelines, design style guidelines, and company-wide contact details to obtain more information from central brand management Brand Image A unique set of associations within the minds of target customers which represent what the brand currently stands for and implies the current promise to customers. The brand image is what is currently in the minds of consumers, whereas brand identity is aspirational from the brand owners point of view. Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the strength of preference for a brand compared to other similar available brand options. It is measured through a range of different dimensions e. g. repeat purchase behavior, price sensitivity. Brand Management Brand management is the process of managing an organisations brand or portfolio of brands in order to maintain and increase long-term brand equity and financial value. Brand management is applied by the person or group responsible for designing brand identities, aligning them for maximum effectiveness, ensuring that they are not compromised by tactical actions, evaluating effectiveness of brand communication programs, valuing financial brand value, and designing appropriate brand crisis management plans among many other strategic and tactical tasks. Brand Mapping Brand mapping is a research technique to identify and visualize the core positioning of a brand compared to competing brands on various dimensions. Brand Personality The brand personality is the brand image or brand identity expressed in terms of human characteristics. The brand personality must ideally include distinguishing and identifiable characteristics which offer consistent, enduring and predictable messages and mental perceptions. Brand Positioning Brand positioning is the market space a brand is perceived to occupy in the mind of the target audience. All strong marketing communications programs need to focus on only few messages to achieve better impact in an increasingly noisy environment. The brand positioning is the part of the brand identity that management decides to actively communicate to the market. Brand Positioning Statement A brand positioning statement describes the mental space a brand should occupy in the minds of a target audience. It serves as an internal document which guides most of a companys marketing communications strategies, programs and tactics. The brand positioning statement focuses on the elements and associations which meaningfully set a brand apart from the competition. It is typically constructed in the following format: To (target market), Brand X is the brand of (frame of reference) that (point of difference) because (reasons). Brand Power A measure of the ability of the brand to dominate its product category. Brand Recall Brand recall is the customers ability to retrieve a brand from memory when given the product category but not mentioning of the brand (also referred to as spontaneous or unaided awareness). Brand Recognition Brand recognition is the customers ability to confirm prior exposure/knowledge of a brand when shown or asked explicitly about the brand (also referred to as aided or prompted awareness). Brand Relevance Brand relevance is the alignment of a brand, its brand attributes, brand identity and brand personality with the primary needs and wants of the target audience. Brand Slogan/ Brand tagline An easily and recognisable and memorable phrase which often accompanies a brand name in marketing communications programs. The brand slogan and tagline helps customers to remember the brand and reinforces mental associations. Consistent and well-known examples are Nike Just do it, HSBC The worlds local bank, HP Invent, and Singapore Airlines A Great Way to Fly. Brand Strategy The big picture plans and tactics deployed by an organisation/brand owner to create long-term brand equity and competitive advantages from branding. CONSUMER INFLUENCE Compete illustrates the first steps in measuring the impact of consumer generated media, and provides a framework to help auto marketers evaluate the influence of this growing industry trend. Consumer opinion has become a staple of the online shopping process. Whether it comes from a friend, a family member or blogger, product reviews are now influential go-to media resources, and its even beginning to drown out the voices emanating from brands and Madison Avenue. User-generated media (UGM) is playing a key role among consumers that are in-market for anything from cameras to household appliances to mobile phones. And, its influence doesnt stop with the purchase itself consumers influenced by UGM are demonstrating a ripple effect on other buyers, sharing their experiences with family and friends post-purchase. For marketers who are already embracing this media movement, the shift requires that they improve their analyses of UGMs influence on consumer engagement and purchase decisions. How? The attitudes and behaviors of in-market consumers online are the key to unlocking UGMs impact. To start out, measuring the true impact of UGM, and marketings ability to influence it, requires addressing: Determining whether in-market consumers use UGM when considering a purchase Estimating how influential UGM is Analyzing whether UGM is more or less influential than other media sources This framework is the first step in marketing measurement programs that reflect todays new marketing paradigm. UGM changes online auto and travel buyers decisions Consider autos and travel two highly considered purchases as examples for measuring UGMs impact. Our research shows that half of auto and travel purchasers surveyed turn to UGM to narrow their purchasing decision; nearly one quarter say that consumer review sites influence their purchase decisions and 24 percent change their minds about the type of vehicle/travel reservation they end up purchasing as a result of UGM influence. If you recently purchased a new or used vehicle, its likely you were among the estimated 80 percent of buyers who currently use the internet to research a vehicle before making a purchase. Scores of informational third-party sites such as Edmunds. com and Cars. om, as well as auto blogs, forums and message boards, make it easy for car enthusiasts and shoppers to share feedback. UGM is money in the bank for marketers who know how to tap into the new currency around it. Though marketing remains a complex discipline that is one part psychology, one part science and one part art, the internet offers an unprecedented level of real-time information from in-marke t shoppers to fuel all three parts. Marketers must start using the internet to improve their visibility within UGM. Heres how to begin: Analyze in-market consumers. Simply monitoring digital mentions isnt enough. Analyze in-market consumers who are close to the point of purchase, not simply consumers online in general, to better understand how UGM fits into their lives and the role it plays. Implement behavioral and qualitative monitoring programs. Examine in-market consumer behavior online and conduct a behaviorally targeted survey of connected, in-market consumers to understand the impact UGM has on product preferences and motivations. Measure. Quantify how many in-market consumers changed their minds about the products they purchased as a result of UGM, and how many ended up purchasing your product over a rivals. Measure UGM-influenced buyers engagement with your brand online by examining not only how they interact with your site but also the attention they give your brand online overall. Marketers who embrace user-generated media by developing campaigns to stimulate positive consumer discussion and use a measurement methodology have nothing to fear from losing control of the marketing message. They have a lot to gain. OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the research being undertaken are to gain insight into the following: To define branding and global branding To find out, how global branding impacts the local indigenous brands and how it evokes competition. To examine how global brands effects the employment and balance of payments of an economy. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study conducted to achieve the before said objectives was both exploratory and descriptive in nature and involved personal interviews based on the questionnaire format. The proposed fra mework will be applied to real- life, realistic data, in order to be able to provide reliable suggestions to international marketing managers who are responsible for making global aunch decisions. RESEARCH DESIGN: Also The Dissertation is a Descriptive Study, whereby the object of a descriptive research is’ to portray an accurate profile of persons, events, or situations. This may be an extension of, or a forerunner to, a piece of exploratory research. It is necessary to have a clear picture of the phenomena on which I wish to collect the data prior to the collection of the data. Nature of Data Collected: The data collected was both , Primary data as well as Secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected fresh and for the first time and thus happens to be original character. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process. Data Collection Method: For the collection of primary data Schedule Method was adopted where blank tables before the questions to be filled by me after getting information from the respondents. Secondary data was collected from the Company Website, Company Brochures, Periodicals and Past Records. SOURCES OF DATA My project report is based on secondary and primary sources; the various sources of my study are given below- 1. Schedule 2. Interview The secondary data consists of information collected from: ?Websites ?Business magazines ?Trade guides ?Published data on FMCG industry SAMPLING: After the researcher has formulated the problem and developed the research design including the questionnaire, he has to decide whether he has to collect the data from all people comprising the population. If the data is to be collected only from some members of the population, it is known as Sample Survey. Sampling method: a)Convenience Sampling: The data was collected by Convenience sampling which is considered to be a non probability sampling methods . The main characteristic of convenience sampling is that units or elements in the population are selected according to our convenience or accessibility. b) Sample size Sample size was 100 customers . c) Sampling unit Each respondent was considered as a single unit in the survey. d) Sample area The sample area covered many localities of Ghaziabad , Noida and Delhi and chosen some customers pertaining to that partiicular locality. From that locality, the customers were questioned. DATA ANALYSIS DATA ANALYSIS Figure-1 (1) The above pie-chart gives the split of the sample area-wise. The sample constituted 53% of the respondents from Ghaziabad, 33% from East-Delhi and 14% from Noida. Figure-2 (2)