Competition law Essay Example for Free

Competition law Essay A situation in which a single company or group owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. By definition, monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products. According to a strict academic definition, a monopoly is a market containing a single firm. In such instances where a single firm holds monopoly power, the company will typically be forced to divest its assets. Antimonopoly regulation protects free markets from being dominated by a single entity. Explanation Monopoly Monopoly is the extreme case in capitalism. Most believe that, with few exceptions, the system just doesnt work when there is only one provider of a good or service because there is no incentive to improve it to meet the demands of consumers. Governments attempt to prevent monopolies from arising through the use of antitrust laws. Of course, there are gray areas; take for example the granting of patents on new inventions. These give, in effect, a monopoly on a product for a set period of time. The reasoning behind patents is to give innovators some time to recoup what are often large research and development costs. In theory, they are a way of using monopolies to promote innovation. Another example are public monopolies set up by governments to provide essential services. Some believe that utilities should offer public goods and services such as water and electricity at a price that is affordable to everyone.

Ryanairs Marketing Environment and Strategy Essays -- Business Manage

Ryanair’s Marketing Environment and Strategy 1 INTRODUTION The aim of this report is to carry out a investigation of Ryanair’s external environment and a strategic analysis of Ryanair, to identify opportunities and threats it might face, and its strategic capability, to isolate key strengths and any weaknesses that need dealing with. Finally, a SWOT analysis will be carried out to assess the extent to which Ryanair’s strategies are suitable to what is happening in its task environment. Ryanair is Europe’s largest low-fares, no-frills short-haul carrier. The organisation was founded in 1985 as a conventional airline but re-launched itself in 1990/1991 as a low-cost carrier, replicating American Southwest Airlines’ business model. Since then Ryanair has grown substantially and successfully. The company currently has 146 routes to 84 destinations in 16 countries, and carries more than 15 million customers annually. Ryanair aims to be Europe’s largest airline in 8 years (www.ryanair.com). 2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT -------------------------------------- This is a crucial part of a strategic analysis because organisations do not exist in a vacuum, they are part of a complex world and many factors can influence operations, beneficially and unfavourably. However, these can be difficult to comprehend due to their complexity, diversity and fast changing nature. Necessarily a number of techniques have been developed to facilitate the process and to ‘†¦contribute to answering the key managerial question†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢of what ‘†¦opportunities and threats might arise in the future’ (Johnson & Scholes 2002). 2.1 PESTEL analysis This identifies the main micro-environmental influences by classifying them into six groups: Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal. By applying this framework to Ryanair it is possible to summarise the key forces in the general environment to present opportunities and threats to the organisation. Political = on May 1, 2003, it will mark one of the most important days in recent European history, the continent will see the biggest expansion of EU to date when ten states become new members. For Ryanair new markets will open which suits its growth plans. = Stansted airport, owned by BAA, is one of the most rapidly growing airports in Europe (www.baa.co.uk/... ...) ‘Low-cost airlines likely to resist higher fees to finance Stanstead’, The Financial Times Done, K. (19/12/03) ‘Stanstead outlines pounds 2bn scheme to double capacity’, The Financial Times Done, K. (20/12/03) ‘Challenge to airports operator’s monopoly remains even with its friends in high places’, The Financial Times Done, K. (29/01/04) ‘Ryanair’s dream run comes to an end’, The Financial Times Felsted, A. (04/11/03) ‘Can Michael O’Leary sustain Ryanair’s low-cost success?’, The Financial Times Gow, D. (16/02/04)’Ryanair plans zero frills and fares’, The Guardian Hotten, R. (13/03/04) ‘No-frills deal has impact on bmi’, The Times Insley, J. (18/01/04) ‘Happy New Year for second homes’, The Observer Insley, J. (08/02/04) ‘You can make it if you try’, The Observer Newman, C. (03/12/03) ‘Travellers face big rise in air passenger levy’, The Financial Times Pratley, N. (05/02/04) ‘Clipped Wings’, The Guardian Tait, N. (03/12/03) ‘Ryanair in court over wheelchair fee’, The Financial Times Tran, M. (03/02/04) ‘Ryanair’s airport subsidies’, The Guardian Wright, R. (01/12/03) ‘BA threat to sue if Stanstead gets runway’, The Financial Times

Resistance of a Wire †Triple Science Essay

I also will be measuring the wire using a meter ruler and will be keeping the temperature down by keeping the power pack level at 2volts. Apparatus 1. 1 Metre Ruler 2. 1 Power Pack 3. Sellotape 4. Variable Resistor 5. Ammeter 6. Voltmeter 7. Constantan wire Method I connected my circuit together as shown in the diagram above. I attached the wire to the meter ruler using pins. As I carried on doing the experiment I adjusted some of the wires to make sure everything was correct and in place. Steps: 1. Adjust one metre length of constantan wire onto the metre ruler, and added the pins. 2. Adjust and connect all the wires together 3. Turning on the power pack. The voltage and current are then read off the ammeter and voltmeter 4. The power supply then turned off, and the crocodile clip moved to the next position I counted the seconds of how long the power pack was on for to test for the investigation, my partner then read the results, and wrote it down, while I moved the clip to the next position. I double checked my results, making sure I was close to the true value, so I had no outliers. Results. When doing my experiment on the different lengths of the wire, I double checked everything, to ensure that everything was correct, and there was no in-corrections. I recorded my results in the table below: Length (cm) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (a ¦) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (a ¦) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (a ¦) 1I saw that I had no outliers. I then calculated the means of the voltage, current and then from that calculated the resistance (V/I). R1 R2 R3 Mean Range From the tests and my graph, I acknowledged that the longer the wire, the larger the resistance. My graph gives a positive correlation. When I doubled the length of the wire, the resistance also doubled, for example, when the wire was 10cm, the resistance was 0. 15 (a ¦), When the wire is 20cm, the resistance was 0. 31cm. Therefore, the fact that the resistance increases with the length, I have gathered that the longer the piece of the wire, the further the electrons have to travel, which means there are more ions for the electrons to bump into, so when the length of the wire doubles, the more ions there are for the electrons to bump into, which makes the resistance increase. As the length increases, the resistance of the current increases because the current has further to go through in the wire, thus it has to go past more stationary atoms, which cause more collisions, and therefore there is more resistance. However, I believe that my results are reasonably reliable, because i repeated my experiment twice, and i double checked my calculations for the mean. My line on the graph, were mainly on the best line of fit. Fair Test To ensure that my tests and results were fair, I had to keep variable the same. The variables that I had to keep the same where the temperature of the wire, due to the face that the wire gained more thermal energy as the ions began to vibrate (This would sometimes become a problem when the wire was ‘10cm’, because the wire was not as long.) However it seemed to be fine, which was expected because I chose ‘constantan’, which is proven to have a very low temperature increase. Another factor that I had to keep the same is the material of the wire because depending on the material, each material conducts different amounts of heat, which would affect the resistance. Reliability To make sure that my readings were all reliable, I had to double check and repeat my experiment again, so that I could spot any errors in my results. Using the wide range of lengths from 10cm to 1 metre allowed me to get a good range of results so that I could make a good conclusion. Accuracy To make sure that my test was accurate, I had to control the various procedures of the tests. One way in which I did this, was to measure the length of the constantan. The reason why I did this is to make sure that all my tests were accurate, and that my results would be close to the true value, or at least reliable. Safety To make sure that all the tests are done safely, the power pack settings will be under 5 volts, so that the constantan wire will not get too hot and burn. If I did not take this safety measure into consideration then it could damage and affect the experiment, and give un-reliable results. Also all bags and outdoor clothing will be away from the experiment, in case any heat causes any accidents. Evaluation At the start of the investigation, I don’t believe that I started off to well, as I was behind the rest of my peers, because my partner and I was a bit confused. However, when I understood what I was doing, I soon caught up, and was off to a flying start. The length investigations went very smoothly. I did find that sometimes, it was quite difficult to be accurate with whether the tip of the crocodile clip was exactly on the measurement I wanted, because it would make around etc. One way I could have made sure that I was doing this accurately, was to make sure I pinpointed, If I had ensured this, I would have got more accurate readings, and much more precise measurements. Copper Atoms Electrons 3rd Test 2nd Test 1st Test Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The Controversy over Stem Cells and Parkinsons Disease...

The Controversy over Stem Cells and Parkinsons Disease Without any thought, without even noticing it happens, when one has an itch, they scratch it. The arm moves up to the face, the fingers reach down and move across the skin. This series of actions, which many of us do everyday is something individuals with Parkinsons disease struggle with every moment of their lives. Simple movements are replaced by frozen limbs that they or their nervous system can not move. Described by many as a type of momentary paralysis, the disease causes gradual degeneration in patients until they are no longer able to perform the most basic bodily functions, such as swallowing or blinking. Parkinsons disease is a neurological disorder that is†¦show more content†¦In the past twenty years, many drugs have been developed to treat the disease. Although the cause of Parkinsons disease is still unknown, scientists have been developing methods of treatment and therapy. The idea is to replace dopamine in the brain, which is accomplished, to some extent, with the administration of L-Dopa. In conjunction with other drugs, L- Dopa inhibits the enzymes that break down L-dopa in the liver, thus making a greater part of it available to the brain (5). This treatment is very successful, but it only hinders the disease for a time and it is by no means a cure. That leaves us with stem-cells and the role they play in treatment of Parkinsons disease. There are many different types of stem-cells which can be implanted in patients to regenerate or replace the damaged or abnormal cells caused by not only diseases like Parkinsons but also Alzheimers and spinal cord injuries (2). A specific example in relation to Parkinsons is the harvesting of embryonic stem cells. These human embryonic stem cells can be transplanted into the brain to replace and create dopamine neurons. The controversy is in how one can obtain these stem cells. 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